Performance and efficiency of old newspaper deinking by combining cellulase/hemicellulase with laccase-violuric acid system

Performance and efficiency of old newspaper (ONP) deinking by combining cellulase/hemicellulase with laccase-violuric acid system (LVS) were investigated in this study. Brightness, effective residual ink concentration (ERIC) and physical properties were evaluated for the deinked pulp. Fiber length, coarseness, specific surface area and specific volume were also tested. The changes of dissolved lignin during the deinking processes were measured with UV spectroscopy. The fiber morphology was observed with environmental scanning electronic microscopy (ESEM). Experimental results showed that, compared to the pulp deinked with each individual enzyme, ERIC was lower for the cellulase/hemicellulase-LVS-deinked pulp. This indicated that a synergy existed in ONP deinking using a combination of enzymes. After being bleached by H₂O₂, enzyme-combining deinked pulp gave higher brightness and better strength properties. Compared with individual enzyme deinked pulp, average fiber length and coarseness decreased a little for the enzyme-combining deinked pulps. A higher specific surface area and specific volume of the pulp fibers were achieved. UV analysis proved that more lignin was released during the enzyme-combining deinking process. ESEM images showed that more fibrillation was observed on the fiber surface due to synergistic treatment.     

Seasonal Variation of Inorganic Nutrient Uptake by Heterotrophic Bacterioplankton in Jiaozhou Bay,North China

The distribution patterns and factors affecting uptake rates and turnover times of dissolved inorganic nutrients by heterotrophic bacterioplankton (HB) in Jiaozhou Bay were studied based on in situ surveys and laboratory culturing. The uptake rates of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) by HB are limited by the temperature of the water and the concentration of dissolved organic carbon. The turnover times of DIP and DIN by HB are regulated by the concentrations of the nutrients and the numbers of HB, which show significant spatiotemporal variability in Jiaozhou Bay. HB may aggravate the P-limitation of phytoplankton by competing for phosphorus in summer in Jiaozhou Bay. HB play an important role in the biogeochemical cycling of nutrients and may increase the N:P ratio and the accumulation of DIN, thereby accelerating the imbalance of the N:P ratio in Jiaozhou Bay.     

胜利油田利用生化法处理含油泥砂研究

胜利油田含油泥砂中含油量较高,直接进行生物降解处理的难度较大,操作周期长,费用高。先采用化学方法处理再进行生物处理,这样既可实现原油的资源化,又可降低费用,提高处理速度及处理效果。实验结果表明:化学处理方法能够将含油泥沙的含油量由51.1%降低至3.1%,原油回收率达到94%以上;再经过48h的生物处理,其含油量降到0.18%,达到了国家规定的无害化排放标准(<0.3%)。     

城市“屋顶花园”对城市气候影响方法研究

:随着社会经济的迅猛发展 ,我国城市数量不断增多 ,城市规模不断扩大 ,随之带来的是城市环境不断恶化。如何改变这种状况 ,使城市规模和环境协调发展 ,是摆在科技工作者面前的紧迫任务。理论分析和实际观测资料表明 ,城市平顶屋面绿化是改善城市气候的最有效的途径之一 ,它对由于城市而产生的“五岛”效应均有不同程度的消弱或改善作用。通过关于城市屋面绿化对城市气候影响过程的分析 ,阐明了城市屋面绿化对城市气候影响的特征 ,并从理论上着重提出用移植法和数值模拟法来研究其影响的程度 ,最后提出了理想城市环境应具有的特征 ,并呼吁城市建设部门成立专门的机构以全面负责平顶屋面的绿化     

石油烃在水面上蒸发过程的研究

原油溢流到水体后对水体造成污染。研究油污的转化规律对于污染事故评价、污染治理方面有着非常重要的意义。通过对三种不同性质的原油进行的风化和蒸发实验 ,证明三种原油低组分具有很快的蒸发速度 ,4天时间就可蒸发掉90 %以上的原油 ,同时得出了不同原油的蒸发规律。     

金川二矿区不良岩层采场巷道片帮冒顶事故树分析

金川矿区是典型的高地应力矿区。矿区构造极为发育 ,围岩稳定性极差 ,使采矿生产存在事故隐患。针对采场巷道顶板围岩或充填体的片冒事故 ,考虑人、机、环境 ,确定三种不同条件下片冒事故的影响因素 ,进行事故树分析 ,计算事故的最小割集、径集以及影响因素的重要度系数 ,为预防片冒事故提供了重要的理论依据     

唐山市工业区大气污染对小学生肺功能的影响

探讨了工业区大气污染对小学生肺功能的影响。在唐山市工业区和相对清洁区选取452名小学生为研究对象,进行肺功能的测定和问卷调查。用多元回归分析建立模型后,以实测值占预计值的百分比为统计量进行分析。调查结果显示小学生肺功能指标中MVV、V25污染区低于对照区,VC、FEV、V25、V50的异常率高于对照区,且与大气中SO2的浓度有关。     

中国沿海城市空气污染指数的分布特征

根据沿海23个城市2001年6月至2005年6月四年的空气污染指数(API)资料,利用聚类分析和时间序列分析对API值及首要污染物数据进行统计分析,利用相关性分析探讨API值和气象因素的关系,初步揭示了中国沿海城市API的变化特征.聚类分析的结果可将研究区域分为北部、东南部和南部三个区域.中国沿海区域的API都明显受到降水和风速的影响,API与降水普遍成负相关,与风速成正相关.指出采暖期燃煤对北方地区冬季API的增大有显著影响.北部城市明显受沙尘暴天气的影响,东南部受季风和降雨因素的影响,南部受海洋性气候的季节性风力和降水影响,各区域API呈现出季节性变化.     

应用遥感、GIS对稻田生态系统健康程度的监测评价研究——以长江下游平原为例

稻田生态系统是在一定时间和地区内由作物、动物、微生物和环境因素共同构成的农业生产体系,具有时空动态性,受人工调控性和环境影响很大.由于稻谷是我国最主要的粮食作物,因此稻田生态系统健康程度直接关系着稻谷产出水平和国家粮食安全.开展我国稻田生态系统健康程度的动态监测,具有十分重要的现实意义.该研究利用遥感、GIS技术快速获取和分析区域尺度范围内的地表时空信息数据的优势,建立一套能够客观全面地监测评价稻田生态系统运行状态的指标体系和评价方法.该方法主要是根据稻田生态系统的构成要素,分别建立作物长势指数(CGI)、稻田环境指数(EI)、病虫害指数(PIDI)三个指数表征这些要素.最后,确定各个指数的权重,建立生态系统健康程度综合指数(EHDCI),客观、全面地反映稻田生态系统的健康状况.这里,作物长势指数指示作物长势,通过EVI归一化计算得到.稻田环境指数分为温度指数(TI)和降水指数(PI)分别指代水、热条件对生态系统的胁迫.病虫害指数主要通过官方农业网站发布的病虫害信息确定得到.本文以长江下游平原稻田为例,对孕穗期、抽穗期、黄熟期等水稻生长