微波诱导鳞片石墨-H2O2催化氧化处理甲基紫废水

研究微波诱导鳞片石墨-H2O2催化氧化处理甲基紫废水工艺,探讨各种因素的协同作用及对废水脱色效果的影响,并采用SEM、EDX、XRD和FTIR对新鲜及使用6次后的鳞片石墨进行表征。结果表明,微波诱导鳞片石墨-H2O2能高效快速降解废水中的甲基紫;在50mL初始pH为3,质量浓度为10mg／L的甲基紫废水中,H2O2用量1mL／L,鳞片石墨3g／L,微波输出功率259W,微波辐射时间9min的最佳处理工艺条件下,甲基紫脱色率达到了98．80％;微波、鳞片石墨、H2O2体系对甲基紫废水降解效果明显,产生协同效应。紫外-可见光谱分析表明,废水中甲基紫结构被破坏,但仍含有少量苯环等小分子。动力学研究表明,脱色反应符合一级反应动力学规律,反应速率常数^为0．42613min^-1,反应半衰期t。为1．626min。     

Reducing the pollution risk of pesticide using nano networks induced by irradiation and hydrothermal treatment

Traditional pesticides (TP) often do not adhere tightly to crop foliage. They can easily enter the surrounding environment through precipitation and volatilization. This can result in the pollution of the surrounding soil, water, and air. To reduce pesticide pollution, we developed a loss-control pesticide (LCP) by adding attapulgite with a nano networks structure fabricated using high energy electron beam (HEEB) irradiation and hydrothermal treatment to TP. HEEB irradiation effectively dispersed originally aggregated attapulgite through modified thermal, charge, and physical effects. Hydrothermal treatment further enhanced the dispersion of attapulgite to form nano porous networks via thermal and wet expansion effects, which are beneficial for pesticide binding. An LCP has improved retention on crop leaf surfaces. It has a higher adhesion capacity, reduced leaching and volatilization, and extended residual activity compared with the TP formulation. The treatment increases the residual activity of pesticides on crop foliage and decreases environmental pollution.     

降解菌ZQ5与紫茉莉对芘污染土壤的联合修复

在温室盆栽条件下,通过单独种植紫茉莉、单独接种多环芳烃(PAHs)模式化合物芘的专性降解菌ZQ5和两者的联合修复的3种处理,对芘污染土壤的修复效果进行了研究。结果表明,经90 d修复后,植物-微生物联合修复可将人工污染土壤中的芘降解81.1%,将石油污染土壤中的芘降解50.3%,其修复效率明显高于其他2种处理,是紫茉莉修复的1.98倍,是降解菌ZQ5修复的1.39倍。ZQ5的不同接菌量对于修复60 d后的降解率影响不大。外源生物修复条件下,10～20 cm土壤的修复效率要高于5 cm土壤;自然降解条件下,5 cm土层降解率略高于其他土层。     

CS-Fe和CS-Fe/Ni的制备及其用于去除钴离子

以氯化铁为铁源,硼氢化钠为还原剂,壳聚糖为稳定剂,采用液相还原法制备壳聚糖稳定纳米铁（CS-Fe）;并以氯化铁为铁源,硫酸镍为镍源,硼氢化钠为还原剂,壳聚糖为稳定剂,采用液相还原共沉淀法制备壳聚糖稳定纳米铁镍（CS-Fe/Ni）。通过SEM、EDS、XRD、FT-IR等表征手段,对所制备的CS-Fe和CS-Fe/Ni的形貌及微观结构进行表征,并以Co²⁺为目标去除物评价CS-Fe和CS-Fe/Ni的反应活性。初步研究表明,制成的CS-Fe含有单质纳米铁,颗粒多数以30~90 nm球形颗粒为主;而CS-Fe/Ni材料中含有纳米铁镍,颗粒多数以30~60 nm球形颗粒为主;在相同的实验条件下,反应60 min,CS-Fe/Ni对Co²⁺的去除率高达100%,但是CS-Fe仅为88%,即CS-Fe/Ni对Co²⁺的去除率比CS-Fe高。     

铁盐絮凝+MBR处理钨冶炼含砷含氨氮废水

选用铁盐絮凝+MBR组合系统对钨冶炼废水进行了实验研究,考察了组合系统对废水中As、COD、NH+4-N和TN的去除效果。结果表明,系统对As、COD、NH+4-N和TN的去除效果较好,去除率分别为97.2%、93.4%、74.0%和52.8%;系统的抗流量冲击能力和抗有机物负荷冲击能力较强。     

废旧混凝土用作水泥稳定基层的实验研究

随着城市建设的发展,城市道路改建时产生的大量的废弃混凝土块的有效利用成了一个亟待解决的问题。结合宜昌市东山大道改建项目,将废弃的混凝土面板加工形成再生集料用作水泥稳定碎石基层,达到节约资源和保护环境的目的。实验分析了再生集料的颗粒级配、压碎值、针片状颗粒含量、表观密度和吸水率等工程性质指标,同时对水泥稳定再生碎石的级配、最佳水泥掺量进行了设计,并对水泥稳定再生碎石的无侧限抗压强度指标进行了研究。研究表明,废旧混凝土经加工形成的再生集料具有良好的路用性能,其颗粒级配、压碎值以及主要指标均达到了路面基层材料的要求;掺3%、5%和7%水泥稳定再生集料7 d浸水抗压强度均达到路面基层的要求,水泥稳定再生集料用作路面基层是可行的;掺3%水泥稳定的再生集料可以用在公路的底基层,掺5%及7%水泥稳定的再生集料可以分别用作路面下基层和上基层。     

Annual input fluxes of heavy metals in agricultural soil of Hainan Island,China

The accumulation of heavy metals in farmland has become an important issue related to food security and environmental risk. The annual inputs of heavy metals (As, Cd, Hg, Pb, Cr, Cu, and Zn) to agricultural soil for a full year in Hainan Island have been studied. Three fluxes through the cultivated horizon were considered: (1) atmospheric depositions, (2) fertilization, and (3) irrigation water. The corresponding samples were collected and analyzed on a large regional scale. The total input fluxes show obvious spatial variability among different regions. The inventory of heavy metal inputs to agricultural land demonstrates that agricultural soil is potentially at risk of heavy metal accumulation from irrigation water. The potential at risk of heavy metal accumulation from atmospheric deposition and fertilizer is relatively low compared to irrigation. The results indicate that Hg is the element of prior concern for agricultural soil, followed by Cd and As, and other heavy metal elements represent little threat to the environment in the study area. This work provides baseline information to develop policies to control and reduce toxic elements accumulated in agricultural soil.     

Annual input fluxes and source identification of trace elements in atmospheric deposition in Shanxi Basin: the largest coal base in China

Industrialization and urbanization have led to a great deterioration of air quality and provoked some serious environmental concerns. One hundred and five samples of atmospheric deposition were analyzed for their concentrations of 13 trace elements (As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Al, Co, Cr, Hg, Mn, Mo, Pb, Se, and Zn) in Shanxi Basin, which includes six isolate basins. The input fluxes of the trace elements in atmospheric deposition were observed and evaluated. Geostatistical analysis (EF, PCA, and CA ) were conducted to determine the spatial distribution, possible sources, and enrichment degrees of trace elements in atmospheric deposition. Fe/Al and K/Al also contribute to identify the sources of atmospheric deposition. The distribution of trace elements in atmospheric deposition was proved to be geographically restricted. The results show that As, Cd, Pb, Zn, and Se mainly come from coal combustion. Fe, Cu, Mn, Hg, and Co originate mainly from interactions between local polluted soils and blowing dust from other places, while the main source of Al, Cr, and Mo are the soil parent materials without pollution. This work provides baseline information to develop policies to control and reduce trace elements, especially toxic elements, from atmospheric deposition. Some exploratory analytical methods applied in this work are also worth considering in similar researches.     

Molecular and ultrastructural insights into the earthworm Eisenia fetida of the assessment of ecotoxicity during colistin exposure

Colistin is a peptide antibiotic widely used as a feed additive in animal farming, especially in poultry and swine production, for treatment and prevention of gram-negative bacterial infections, as well as for growth promotion use. When orally ingested, colistin is poorly absorbed and is eliminated almost unaltered by the enteric canal into the environment. Thus, risk of environmental toxicity cannot be ignored. In the present study, we examined the effects of colistin on Heath Shock Protein (HSP) 70, metallothionein (MT) gene expressions, and the ultrastructure of intestinal cells, following treatment of the soil indicator earthworm Eisenia fetida with 10, 20, and 100 mg/kg colistin for 7, 14, and 21 days. The results showed that, compared with the control, the expressions of HSP70 and MT genes changed significantly. Colistin caused up-regulations of HSP70’s expression while inhibited the expression of MT gene. In addition, most mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum were damaged in the group treated with high concentration. The investigation of gene expressions of HSP70 and MT, as well as pathological alterations in the intestinal cells, may provide important information in terms of ecotoxicity of colistin and can be used as early warning system.     

工业污染场地土壤中汞的化学形态及其环境限值探讨

汞是中国工业污染场地土壤中常见的重金属污染物,汞的常见形态包括单质汞、无机汞和甲基汞。比较了不同形态的汞及其化合物在物化性质、环境行为、毒性效应及致毒机制上的差异,还以美国、英国为例,探讨了针对不同形态的汞分别制定土壤环境限值的方法。最后指出,中国现有的土壤环境质量相关标准以及污染场地风险评估导则中均尚未区分汞的形态,仅给出总汞含量的限值。因此,在未来的相关标准制定中,应考虑按汞的各种形态制定不同的标准,这将更有利于客观准确评价工业污染场地土壤中汞的污染程度和环境风险。