重庆大气气溶胶污染现状与回顾

通过近几年重庆市大气气溶胶污染的监测及几种监测方法的比较 ,介绍了重庆大气气溶胶的污染现状 ,推导出TSP手工与自动采样之间、PM1 0 和地面站 β射线法测定结果之间、PM1 0 和 PM2 .5 之间浓度的定量关系。以此 ,计算出大气气溶胶从 1 981年至 1 998年的逐年变化值。这些都为环境管理和烟尘治理提供了科学数据     

油菜菌核病菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)与细菌间的基因水平转移

油菜菌核病（Sclerotinia sclerotiorum）是油菜生产上最重要的病害之一,其致病性可能来源于基因水平转移（Horizontal gene transfer,HGT）.为认识其致病原理和寻找新的真菌抑制剂的靶点,首先通过BLASTp发现其基因XM₀01585458.1编码蛋白XP₀01585508.1与细菌比对结果中出现低E值3.23e-109和高SCORE值436,暗示存在HGT现象;进一步通过系统进化树的建立,发现该蛋白在进化分枝上更接近于细菌中由Streptomyces sp.C的NZ_CM000832.1基因编码的蛋白ZP₀7291173;同时核苷酸组成分析也发现该基因与油菜菌核病菌基因组的碱基组成有较大差别,GC含量提高了14.95%.这些结果证明了XM₀01585458.1的确存在基因水平转移事件.结构分析和COG蛋白功能分类显示该HGT序列编码蛋白XP₀01585508.1具有FA58C₃（Coagulation factors 5/8 type C domain）、Kelch repeat type 1、Galactose-binding domain-like、Galactose oxidase/kelch,beta-propeller等保守结构域,应为一个膜蛋白并参与多糖代谢,推测该水平转移基因与S.sclerotiorum在侵染植物时进行细胞壁水解和致病性有关.     

Microbial community and functional genes in the rhizosphere of alfalfa in crude oil-contaminated soil

A rhizobox system constructed with crude oil-contaminated soil was vegetated with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) to evaluate the rhizosphere effects on the soil microbial population and functional structure, and to explore the potential mechanisms by which plants enhance the removal of crude oil in soil. During the 80-day experiment, 31.6% of oil was removed from the adjacent rhizosphere (AR); this value was 27% and 53%higher than the percentage of oil removed from the far rhizosphere (FR) and from the non-rhizosphere (NR), respectively. The populations of heterotrophic bacteria and hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria were higher in the AR and FR than in the NR. However, the removal rate of crude oil was positively correlated with the proportion of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria in the rhizosphere. In total, 796, 731, and 379 functional genes were detected by microarray in the AR, FR, and NR, respectively. Higher proportions of functional genes related to carbon degradation and organic remediation, were found in rhizosphere soil compared with NR soil, suggesting that the rhizosphere selectively increased the abundance of these specific functional genes. The increase in water-holding capacity and decrease in pH as well as salinity of the soil all followed the order of AR>FR>NR. Canonical component analysis showed that salinity was the most important environmental factor influencing the microbial functional structure in the rhizosphere and that salinity was negatively correlated with the abundance of carbon and organic degradation genes.     

紫茎泽兰（Eupatorium adenophorum）入侵地的生物多样性

生物多样性演变是全球变化的重要组成部分,物种入侵对生物多样的影响已成为当前全球变化领域的研究热点之一。本文研究了西双版纳紫茎泽兰（Eupatorium adenophorum）入侵地的植物、土壤动物与土壤微生物的多样性,结果表明：（1）不同程度入侵区的植物种类及其重要值差别较大,在重度入侵区,紫茎泽兰的重要值高达237.74%,但随着入侵程度的降低,植物种类有所增加且紫茎泽兰的重要值随之降低;丰富度指数、多样性指数、优势度指数与均匀度指数均表现为轻度入侵区〉中度入侵区〉重度入侵区。（2）三种入侵区的土壤动物隶属23目,其中弹尾目（Collembola）、蜱螨目（Acarina）和膜翅目（Hymenoptera）为优势种群,三者总量占捕获总数的61.77%;丰富度指数、多样性指数、优势度指数、均匀度指数与密度类群指数均表现为轻度入侵区〉中度入侵区〉重度入侵区。（3）土壤微生物可培养数量类群方面,细菌表现为中度入侵区〉重度入侵区〉轻度入侵区,放线菌、真菌、自生固氮菌与氨氧化细菌均表现为重度入侵区〉中度入侵区〉轻度入侵区;多样性指数表现为重度入侵区〉轻度入侵区〉中度入侵区,优势度指数表现为轻度入侵区=中度入侵区〉重度入侵区,均匀度指数表现为重度入侵区〉轻度入侵区=中度入侵区。可见,紫茎泽兰入侵地的植物与土壤动物多样性随入侵程度加重而降低,但土壤微生物多样性却随入侵程度加重反而呈上升趋势。今后,加强室内模拟与野外定点长期观测相结合试验是探究紫茎泽兰入侵对生物多样性影响机制的研究方向。     

一株高效解磷细菌的紫外诱变选育及其在红壤稻田施用效果

红壤对磷有强大吸附固定力,磷肥易被土壤中活性铁、铝固定而使有效态磷转化为各种形态的非有效磷,从而大大降低磷肥的利用率。解磷菌能使土壤中难溶性或不溶性的磷转化为易于被植物吸收利用的磷。通过对江西鹰潭红壤分离筛选并经过紫外诱变获得一株性状稳定的高效解磷细菌Y8。经鉴定,菌株Y8为蜡状芽孢杆菌（Bacillus cereus）。通过与生产中应用的徐州华龙高效复合菌肥厂的解磷细菌X3相比,菌株Y8降解有机磷、溶解Ca3（PO4）2的能力均比较高,分别为155.3mg·L^-1和240.1mg·L^-1。研究各种理化因子对菌株Y8解磷能力的影响,确定了菌株Y8的最佳培养条件为葡萄糖20g·L^-1、NH4（SO4）21.5g·L^-1、pH7.0、温度为35℃,在该条件下菌株Y8溶解Ca3（PO4）2的量为295.6mg·L^-1。在江西鹰潭红壤稻田的施用试验表明,将菌株Y8制成微生物菌剂施用于水稻田可起到减施化肥的作用。     

Digital PCR: a powerful new tool for noninvasive prenatal diagnosis?

Recent reports have indicated that digital PCR may be useful for the noninvasive detection of fetal aneuploidies by the analysis of cell-free DNA and RNA in maternal plasma or serum. In this review we provide an insight into the underlying technology and its previous application in the determination of the allelic frequencies of oncogenic alterations in cancer specimens. We also provide an indication of how this new technology may prove useful for the detection of fetal aneuploidies and single gene Mendelian disorders. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

农业用地土壤污染防治立法的初探

本文论述了农用地土壤污染防治立法的必要性，立法所具备的条件和应解决的几个基本问题。     

The combined effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and cypermethrin on male reproductive toxicity in rats

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Titanium nanoparticles and pyrethroid pesticides are now being widely used in industrial, agriculture, and biomedical applications. In recent years,...     

Inversion of PM2.5 atmospheric refractivity profile based on AlexNet model from the perspective of electromagnetic wave propagation

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Human civilization has reached an unprecedented height, but the industrialization of economic development also brings global warming, ozone depletion,...     

废印制线路板真空热解产物分析

在自行设计的间歇式固定床真空热解装置中热解废印制线路板(PCB),对热解产物进行了分析.在热解温度为550 ℃、热解压力为20 kPa、恒温时间为60 min的条件下,得到的热解产物质量分数为:热解渣70%;热解油3%～4%;不可冷凝热解气26%～27%.经气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)分析,热解油经常压蒸馏后得到的低沸点液态油中含有29种化合物,主要有苯酚、对异丙基酚、3-乙基酚、4-甲酚及2-溴苯酚,还含有少量含溴化合物和含氯化合物.热解油经简单的蒸馏就可达到回收酚类化合物的目的.热解渣经风选可实现铜与黏附有碳黑的玻璃纤维的分离,其中铜质量分数约30%,黏附有碳黑的玻璃纤维质量分数约70%.