柴油机排放颗粒物净化技术研究进展

柴油机被认为是城市大气微粒的主要污染源.柴油机颗粒物组成复杂并且颗粒粒径甚小,大都属于亚微米级粒子和纳米级粒子.因而柴油机颗粒物对人类健康和大气环境的影响受到世人的广泛关注.本文主要对柴油机排放颗粒物的生成机理、化学组成及危害、物理性质、检测方法和净化技术等方面进行综述与探讨.     

碳热还原二氧化硫的热力学平衡验证

用煤或焦炭作还原剂，将烟气中的二氧化硫直接还原为元素硫是一种很有应用前景的烟气处理方法。本文采用循环法研究了碳的类型、温度、以及碳用量对反应达到平衡时硫收率和ＳＯ２转化率的影响。实验结果表明，与文献的理论计算结果相比，碳用量对平衡组成的影响基本一致，而温度的影响则不尽相同。     

Geographical distribution and risk assessment of heavy metals: a case study of mine tailings pond

ABSTRACT

In China, a large number of tailings deposited on natural surfaces, the potential risk of tailings attracts people’s attention. In this study, heavy metals distribution, geo-accumulation index, ecological risk index, microbial diversity and community were examined to evaluate the risks of a tailings pond. Results indicated the tailings pH is about 8.17, and the redox potential was lower than zero. Heavy metals could be leached and migrate from the tailings. The tailings pond had more influence on the distribution of Pb, Zn, As, Cu, and S. The influence distance of Pb, Zn, and Cu was less than 10?m, and the influence distance of As and S was less than 50?m. S and As had stronger migration capability than other elements in the soil. The biggest potential ecological risk resulted from Pb, and the distances more than 100?m had low ecological risk. The tailings decreased microbial richness and diversity of the surrounding environment. Oxidising bacteria and reducing bacteria existed in both the tailings and the surrounding soils; however, there were more oxidising and reducing microbes in the tailings than in the surrounding soils. The tailings pond currently has little impact on the environment, but the potential risk still exists.     

渭北黄土区刺槐根系空间分布特征研究

采用土钻法对黄土高原地区主要造林树种刺槐的根系分布特征进行调查,结果表明不同立地上刺槐根系的空间分布特征具有明显差异.阴坡立地上,刺槐根系随距树干距离的增加表现出了先增加后减少的趋势,并且不同深度土层的分布相对比较均匀,这一分布特征扩大了刺槐根系的吸收空间范围,有利于树木地上部分的生长;而阳坡立地上的刺槐根系随距树干距离的增加呈降低趋,并且各处根系集中分布在40～80 cm的土层中,这一分布特征限制了根系在土层中的吸收空间,进而树木地上部分的生长也产生了一定的限制作用.对不同径级根系生物量分布特征的分析结果表明,不同立地上根系存在的差异主要是由于大径级根系生物量而引起的,阴坡立地上的细根生物量更大一些.在两个立地上,直径为1 mm<d<3 mm的根系生物量具有相似的分布特征;而直径d<1 mm的根系生物量具有明显的差异,反映了立地条件对于树木生长的影响,可以作为反映根系吸收等生理特性的有效根系.结合树木根系消弱系数,从量化的角度对不同立地上刺槐根系分布特征的进一步分析,结果表明阳坡立地上刺槐较细根系的根系消弱系数数值较小,说明在深层土壤中的分布较少,这种分布结构不利于树木对深层土壤水分和养分的吸收利用;而阴坡立地上的刺槐较细根系的根系消弱系数数值较大,说明在深层土壤中细根的分布比例相对较大,这种分布特征扩大了刺槐的吸收空间,有利于树木吸收深层的水分和养分,促进树木地上部分的生长和发育.     

UV/TiO2薄膜体系光降解酞酸酯研究

采用自制玻璃负载TiO2薄膜,研究了UV-V is/TiO2以及UV/TiO2/H2O2体系对2种酞酸酯DBP和DEHP的光催化降解情况。研究结果表明,TiO2在暗处对酞酸酯没有降解作用;UV/TiO2体系能有效光降解DBP和DEHP,TiO2具有明显的光催化作用,增强因子分别为fDBP=2.06,fDEHP=1.53;在一定浓度范围内DBP在UV/TiO2体系中的降解速率与其初始浓度成负一级动力学关系;UV/TiO2/H2O2体系对DBP的光降解能力远大于UV/TiO2和UV/H2O2体系,H2O2能显著提高TiO2的光催化活性。     

Size distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban and suburban sites of Beijing, China

PAHs in five-stage size segregated aerosol particles were investigated in 2003 at urban and suburban sites of Beijing. The total concentration of 17 PAHs ranged between 0.84 and 152 ng m(-3), with an average of 116 ng m(-3), in urban area were 1.1-6.6 times higher than those measured in suburban area. It suggested a serious pollution level of PAHs in Beijing. PAHs concentrations increased with decreasing the ambient temperature. Approximately 68.4-84.7% of PAHs were adsorbed on particles having aerodynamic diameter 2.0 microm. Nearly bimodal distribution was found for PAHs with two and three rings, more than four rings PAHs, however, followed unimodal distribution. The overall mass median diameter (MMD) for PAHs decreased with increasing molecular weight. Diagnostic ratios and normalized distribution of PAHs indicated that the PAHs in aerosol particles were mainly derived from fossil fuel combustion. Coal combustion for domestic heating was probably major contributor to the higher PAHs loading in winter, whereas PAHs in other seasons displayed characteristic of mixed source of gasoline and diesel vehicle exhaust. Biomass burning and road dust are minor contributors to the PAHs composition of these aerosol particles. Except for source emission, other factors, such as meteorological condition, photochemical decay, and transportation from source to the receptor site, should to be involved in the generation of the observed patterns.     

2,4-二氯苯酚溶液的挥发性及其处理对策

研究了温度、pH、曝气等因素对2，4-二氯苯酚溶液挥发性的影响。结果表明，高温、低pH及高曝气量可提高2，4-二氯苯酚的挥发程度。研究表明，直接电解法处理此类废水效率较低，针对此情况提出了应注意的事项及基本处理对策。     

难降解废水生物处理中的共代谢作用

综述了共代谢作用的机理、特点及研究现状，展望了共代谢在废水生物处理中的应用前景。     

B—82细菌的筛选及降解甲胺磷的实验研究

从受甲胺磷长期污染的土壤中采取土样，经驯化富集后筛选到一株能高效降解甲胺磷的细菌Ｂ－８２菌株，经初步鉴定，为施氏假单胞菌（Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓ ｓｔｕｔｚｅｒｉ）。菌株Ｂ－８２能以甲胺磷为为施氏假单胞菌氮和磷源进行生长并将其降解为无机磷，此菌能耐受０．５％的甲胺磷。     

影响系数矩阵在河流水质规划中的应用

河流水质规划中常常要用水质数学模型来模拟水体的水质、刻划岸边污染带、对水质进行预测，并结合其它模型对污染物排放进行总量控制，以及对污染方案进行水质验证。由于水质数学模型的单向性（即数据只能从输入流向输出），在实际工作中当需要逆计算时（如计算水环境容量等）往往采取试算法，工作量较大。本文介绍的影响系数矩阵法可以方便快捷地完成上述各项工作。此法在中英国际合作项目“长江、嘉陵江水污染控制规划研究”中已采用，效果较好。