鼓风机房的噪声特性与噪声控制

在对某制药厂鼓风机房现场噪声测量的基础上,对机房的噪声特性和噪声源进行了分析,提出针对噪声特性的吸声和隔声方案。在该方案不能满足要求的情况下提出在电机和鼓风机的基础下面安装弹簧隔振器、使用金属软管进行管道隔振的补充方案。测试表明,补充方案是有效的控制措施,降噪效果明显,能完全满足厂家提出的要求。     

武汉市城郊蔬菜种植区重金属积累特征及健康风险评价

为了解武汉市城郊蔬菜种植区土壤-蔬菜-地下水系统中重金属积累造成的健康风险,在武汉市城郊5个辖区内采集土壤、蔬菜、地下水样品,分析其中As、Cd、Hg、Pb 4种重金属的含量及积累特征;采用健康风险评价模型,并考虑区域人群特点及工作特性等进行参数优化,对研究区人群在不同暴露途径、不同暴露介质下的健康风险进行评价. 结果表明:土壤重金属单项污染指数呈Cd>As>Hg>Pb的分布特征,Cd、Hg的土壤累积指数分别为6.51、2.00;叶菜类、瓜果类、根茎类和豆类4个类别新鲜蔬菜中,叶类蔬菜的w(Pb)显著高于其他蔬菜种类,瓜果类的w(As)和w(Hg)相对较高,根茎类的w(Cd)最高;蔬菜-土壤、地下水-土壤系统中同种重金属元素含量存在较高的相关性;3种暴露介质下的健康风险水平表现为蔬菜>地下水>土壤,经口暴露风险占总个人年风险的98.90%;总个人年风险为1.97×10-5 a-1,其中致癌年风险占99.60%,该总个人年风险未超出国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受风险值(5.0×10-5 a-1),但要防止土壤-蔬菜-地下水系统的进一步污染.      

核电工程施工临时通风设计研究

为确保核电过程中的生产安全,改善从业人员作业环境,预防职业病的发生,根据AP1000核电建设的作业条件和空间环境特点,探讨了临时通风系统设计原则和步骤,基于流体力学理论,建立了通风系统设计的数学模型。并以优化通风为目的,提出了分区域与分阶段通风相结合、系统通风与局部通风相结合、机械通风和自然通风相结合的通风方案。现场应用表明,该通风系统能够有效排除烟尘、改善空气质量、满足施工现场HSE(health,safety and environment)管理要求,对保证核电工程安全和质量具有重要意义。     

流光放电等离子体污水消毒灭菌

采用流光放电等离子体技术,研究放电电压、大肠杆菌初始浓度、反应器类型对大肠杆菌灭杀的影响,并将流光放电等离子体与臭氧灭菌进行效果对比。结果表明:当在水槽装置中,处理温度为室温,大肠杆菌初始浓度为480 000个/L,放电时间为45 min,水样体积V=50 L,气量Q=8 m3/h,放电电压为30 k V,电流I=11 m A时大肠杆菌的去除率达到99%。流光放电等离子体与臭氧去除污水中大肠杆菌的能力都较强,与臭氧灭菌相,比流光放电等离子体杀菌经济成本低廉许多。     

东北三省畜禽养殖环境风险时空特征

以东北三省土壤、水体的环境保护为出发点,基于研究区192个县畜禽养殖量数据,采用畜禽单元和养分排泄系数法,通过AD(畜禽养殖密度),粪便TN、TP耕地负荷来评估三期(2000年、2005年和2010年)不同尺度(省、县和流域)下畜禽养殖的潜在环境风险,并对其环境风险进行综合评价. 结果表明:①三期东北三省畜禽养殖的环境风险在2005年最为显著,基中AD达到Ⅲ级(AD>2.00 AU/hm2)的县市高达54个,畜禽粪便TN、TP耕地负荷达到Ⅳ级水平的县市共有50个,2010年有所缓解,而2000年最低;②三省中辽宁省畜禽养殖的环境风险最高(三期该省AD均大于2.00 AU/hm2,畜禽粪便TN、TP耕地负荷均分别在115和15 kg/hm2以上),吉林省次之,黑龙江省较低;③分县畜禽养殖密度及粪便TN、TP耕地负荷较高的区域主要集中在松花江水系南部以及辽河流域的大部分地区,具体行政区域为吉林省中南部和辽宁省大部,而黑龙江省有继续发展的空间.      

Effects of precipitation and temperature on rain-use efficiency of China's forests北大核心CSCD

Water plays an important role in the growth of plants. It is important to investigate the responses of different ecosystems to precipitation patterns, especially in terms of global changes involving extreme precipitation or drought. However, little is known about the rain-use efficiency (RUE) in China's forests and the correlation of the RUE with the precipitation and other environmental factors. Furthermore, it is unclear whether differences in the forest types or functional groups result in divergent RUE patterns. To investigate the RUE in China's forests, we analyzed the data from 1 266 sampling plots from 17 forest types. The results indicated that: (1) the mean RUE of China's forests is 1.21 g m-2 mm-1. The RUE and precipitation are negatively correlated in all the 17 forest types; (2) the average RUE of broadleaved forests (mainly angiosperms) is higher than that of coniferous forests (mainly gymnosperms), and the angiosperms are more adaptable to changes in the precipitation than gymnosperms; (3) the average RUE of deciduous forests is higher than that of the evergreen forests. The RUE of deciduous forests declines with increasing precipitation to a threshold value. However, the RUE of evergreen forests are unaffected by changes in the precipitation; and (4) the latitude and mean annual temperature are the major factors constraining the RUE under comprehensive environmental factors. We conclude that the mean RUE declines with increasing precipitation to a threshold value, and that the temperature is a crucial factor for RUE. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

土石坝溃决机理模型试验研究进展

大坝溃决将给人类社会带来巨大的灾难,因此国内外都很关注溃坝问题的研究。由于多数大坝均为土石坝,且土石坝是逐渐溃决的过程,而混凝土坝一般表现为瞬时溃决,因此土石坝溃决机理与溃决过程的研究对于溃坝过程数学模型的建立和致灾后果的评价具有重要的指导意义。自20世纪90年代以来,国内外学者围绕土石坝溃决机理开展了广泛深入的模型试验研究,取得了一系列重要的研究成果。分别从土石坝溃决原因、土石坝溃决机理研究进展、土石坝漫顶溃决模型试验、土石坝管涌溃决模型试验等方面介绍国内外的研究进展。重点针对土石坝坝型(均质坝、黏性心墙坝、面板堆石坝)和主要破坏模式(漫顶溃坝与管涌溃坝),介绍国内外开展的不同尺度的溃坝模型试验,分析研究了土石坝的溃决机理,并对今后的研究工作重点提出了相关建议。     

Using loose nanofiltration membrane for lake water treatment: A pilot study

• A pilot study was conducted for drinking water treatment using loose NF membranes. • The membranes had very high rejection of NOM and medium rejection of Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺. • Organic fouling was dominant and contribution of inorganic fouling was substantial. • Both organic and inorganic fouling had spatial non-uniformity on membrane surface. • Applying EDTA at basic conditions was effective in removing membrane fouling. Nanofiltration (NF) using loose membranes has a high application potential for advanced treatment of drinking water by selectively removing contaminants from the water, while membrane fouling remains one of the biggest problems of the process. This paper reported a seven-month pilot study of using a loose NF membrane to treat a sand filtration effluent which had a relatively high turbidity (~0.4 NTU) and high concentrations of organic matter (up to 5 mg/L as TOC), hardness and sulfate. Results showed that the membrane demonstrated a high rejection of TOC (by>90%) and a moderately high rejection of two pesticides (54%–82%) while a moderate rejection of both calcium and magnesium (~45%) and a low rejection of total dissolved solids (~27%). The membrane elements suffered from severe membrane fouling, with the membrane permeance decreased by 70% after 85 days operation. The membrane fouling was dominated by organic fouling, while biological fouling was moderate. Inorganic fouling was mainly caused by deposition of aluminum-bearing substances. Though inorganic foulants were minor contents on membrane, their contribution to overall membrane fouling was substantial. Membrane fouling was not uniform on membrane. While contents of organic and inorganic foulants were the highest at the inlet and outlet region, respectively, the severity of membrane fouling increased from the inlet to the outlet region of membrane element with a difference higher than 30%. While alkaline cleaning was not effective in removing the membrane foulants, the use of ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA) at alkaline conditions could effectively restore the membrane permeance.     

古树名木保护地方立法评析与建议

对我国出台的15部古树名木保护地方性法规和规章出台时间、主要内容进行了归纳分析。结果发现:法规和规章中存在着管理体制不顺、权责利不对等、处罚标准不合理等问题。在研究基础上,提出完善古树名木保护立法的建议:加快推进古树名木保护国家立法,逐步完善地方立法,进一步理顺保护管理体制,建立古树名木保护补偿制度,加强科学研究与技术推广等。     

利用"三废"制轻型保温隔热建筑材料

塑料的问世给人们的日常生活带来了极大方便的同时,也给人类居住环境造成很大破坏。人们使用后的聚苯乙烯泡沫包装盒(板)和塑料袋随处可见,形成了难以消除的“白色污染”。还有工业废渣到处堆积如山,没有得到充分利用。针对这种情况．笔者为了开发这些“三废”材料的新用途．利用泡沫塑料和炉渣表观密度小、空隙率大、保温隔热性能好等特性,研制了一种轻型保温隔热建筑材料,经过实验取得了良好效果。