Effects of glucose dehydrogenase gene knock-out in Acetobacter sp. On the metabolism of carbon sources and the synthesis of 3-hydroxypropionic acid北大核心CSCD

3-Hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP) is an emerging platform chemical with a high added-value. Resting cells of Acetobacter sp. can efficiently catalyze 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO) to 3-HP. Glucose is oxidized by the membrane-bound dehydrogenase, resulting in an acidic environment that inhibits cell growth and reduces the biomass. We deleted the gdh gene for glucose dehydrogenase (GDH), and investigated the effects on cell growth, carbon metabolism, and 3-HP production. The gdh gene knocked-out showed a 1.72-fold increase in biomass in the mixed medium containing glucose and glycerol. A carbon flux analysis showed that glucose was converted to gluconic acid by GDH, followed by an oxidation to 2-ketogluconic acid. In addition, a small percentage of the gluconic acid was degraded via the pentose phosphate pathway. Glycerol was phosphorylated and entered the central pathway (gluconeogenesis). Results indicate that the deletion of gdh can effectively promote higher cell densities and improve the catalytic performance for the production of 3-HP, and thus provide a theoretical reference for improving the carbon source utilization and the catalytic performance of acetic acid bacteria. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

不同种类有机肥施用对稻田CH4和N2O排放的综合影响

以麦茬稻田为对象,研究基肥施用不同有机肥对稻田CH₄和N₂O排放的综合影响.结果表明:有机肥施用对稻田CH₄和N₂O排放的季节变化模式无明显影响,但影响其排放量.与施用化肥(化肥处理)相比,施用菜饼+化肥(菜饼处理)促进CH₄和N₂O的排放,其季节排放总量分别增加了252%和22%;施用小麦秸秆+化肥(秸秆处理)和牛厩肥+化肥(牛厩肥处理)明显增加CH₄排放,增加量分别为250%和45%,同时却减少N₂O排放,分别减少18%和21%;施用猪厩肥+化肥(猪厩肥处理)降低CH₄和N₂O的排放,分别降低4%和18%.对CH4和N₂O排放的综合温室效应分析表明,菜饼和秸秆处理的全球增温潜势(GWP)约为化肥处理的2.5倍,牛厩肥和化肥处理基本持平,但施用猪厩肥可减少10%～15%.各处理的GWP从高到低依次为菜饼、秸秆、牛厩肥、化肥和猪厩肥.单位产量的GWP以秸秆处理最高,菜饼次之,牛厩肥比化肥处理略高,猪厩肥处理最低.从本生长季来看,猪厩肥的施用对于实现环境效益与生产效益的协调发展具有一定作用.     

三峡库区药用植物资源特征及其保护对策

三峡库区共有药用植物１１２９种,隶属于６０３属,１７４科。菊科、百合科、蝶形花科等１９个大科的种数达总种数的４９４％,蓼属、铁线莲属等２６个大属的种数达１８５％。中国特有种类占３７２％,显示出其在库区的丰富性。根茎类药用植物占４２１％,提示我们应适度采挖,做到永续利用。以林地为生境的药用植物占４８９％,表明森林是库区药用植物的资源库。三峡水库对库区药用植物资源的淹没损失不大,但其间接影响巨大。保护天然林是保护库区药用植物资源的重要途径。     

运城市乡村企业发展中的若干环境问题及控制对策

快速、蓬勃发展的乡村企业对繁荣乡村经济,改变乡村产业结构,促进与增加农村居民收入及提高农村居民生活质量发挥着十分重要的作用.但是,由于缺乏正确的引导和规划,许多已经发展起来的乡村企业在创造社会财富,促进农村经济发展的同时,对当地自然生态环境带来了很大的压力并且严重影响和制约着当地居民的生活质量与乡村企业及乡村经济的进一步发展与壮大.本文通过运城市乡村企业的污染调查,论述了运城市发展乡村企业所带来的环境污染与危害,分析了乡村企业污染产生的主要原因与症结,提出了加强和改进乡村企业环境污染控制的对策与措施,喻示了乡村企业与自然生态环境相协调共发展之必然.     

Effects of copper concentration on methane emission from rice soils

Outdoor pot experiments with various paddy soils representing five soil types were conducted at Nanjing Agricultural University during the 2000 and 2001 rice-growing seasons. Eighteen soils and ten out of the eighteen soils were involved in the 2000 and the 2001 experiment, respectively. Two treatments were designed as mineral fertilization (MF) and mineral fertilizer + wheat straw incorporation (MF + WS) for the 2001 experiment. Seasonal average rate of CH4 emission from different soils ranged from 1.96 to 11.06 mg m(-2) h(-1) in the 2000 experiment, and from 0.89 to 5.92 mg m(-2) h(-1) for the MF treatment in the 2001 experiment, respectively. Incorporation of wheat straw enhanced considerably CH4 emission with an average increment of 7.09 mg m(-2) h(-1). CH4 emissions from the two-year experiment were negatively correlated to soil available and total copper concentration. A further investigation showed that CH4 emission from the MF treatment was positively related to the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the soil (r = 0.904, p < 0.001), and that the DOC was negatively correlated to the concentrations of available copper (r = -0.844, p < 0.01) and total copper (r = -0.833, p < 0.01), respectively. Nevertheless, the incorporation of wheat straw did not enhance the soil DOC, and the relationship between CH4 emission and soil DOC was not statistically significant (r = 0.470, p < 0.20). It was concluded that higher concentration of copper in the soils resulted in lower soil DOC and thus reduced CH4 emission when there was no additional organic matter input. Incorporation of wheat straw did not affect soil DOC and available copper concentration but enhanced CH4 emission.     

内蒙古河套灌区秋浇对不同类型农田土壤盐分淋失的影响

秋浇是河套灌区传统的秋后淋盐、春季保墒的一种特殊灌溉制度 ,秋浇对不同类型农田盐分损失影响的试验结果表明 ,秋浇前白菜地土壤含水率最高 ,向日葵地最低 ,秋浇后 5种农田土壤含水率均较高 ,且彼此间无显著性差异。秋浇后不同土壤剖面盐分的损失量按照表层 (0～ 40cm)、中层 (40～ 80cm)、深层 (80～ 1 2 0cm)依次递减(向日葵地除外 )。不同农田的盐分淋失量按照白菜地、向日葵地、玉米地、小麦 -玉米地、小麦地依次递减。非生长季灌溉下 ,农田土壤 0～ 1 0 0cm土层中盐分的淋失量与土壤储水量的增加量 (灌溉前土壤含水率 <2 50 g·kg- 1 ,r =0 .990 2 )密切相关 ,但与灌溉前土壤盐分初始含量无显著性关系     

城市生态可持续发展指标的进展

建设生态城市是一种国际趋势,也在中国受到关注。为了监测评估城市的生态可持续发展,要有一套科学的指标体系。文章讨论了生态城市的特点;评述了国外的3类指标体系和国内采用世界银行“真实储蓄率”指标在城市一应用研究,提出了建立这类指标的一些原则与方法。     

种植密度和降水对冬小麦田N2O排放的影响

为研究种植密度对农田N2O排放的影响和探讨N2O排放季节性波动的原因，于1999～2000年小麦生长季在南京市郊江宁县进行了不同播种量（0.90、180和270kg/hm^2）和大田试验，观测分析结果表明：在相同的气象条件和田间管理下，播种～越冬阶段的N2O排放不受播种量的影响，近青～成熟阶段的N2O排放通量与播种量成正比，裸地条件下的N2O排放与播量为90kg/hm^2下的排放无明显差异，造成该生长季内N2O排放季节性波动的主要原因是降水，返表～成熟阶段的N2O排放通量随观测日前6d的加权平均降水解呈指数增加。     

空气—乙炔火焰原子吸收法测定水中锶

用空气—乙炔还原型火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定水中微量的锶，在试样中加入硝酸镧溶液（10%）、氯化钠及氯化钾消除酸对测定水中锶的干扰和共存离子的干扰并抑制了电离干扰，提高了灵敏度，线性范围0.05-5.00mg/L，最低检出限浓度为0.01mg/L，回收率为90-104%。     

大伙房水库的指示生物水蚯蚓和摇蚊幼虫

大伙房水库底栖动物历年监测,水蚯蚓Microdrili、摇蚊幼虫Chironomdae是优势种群。根据其分布特点和种类变化情况,确定了7种水蚯蚓、15种摇蚊幼虫为判定该水体是否安全的指示生物。