双区静电除尘器的数值模拟研究

采用数模拟的方法研究了双区静电除尘器内流场分布、颗粒荷电及颗粒运动等难以直接测量的物理过程,构建了双区静电除尘过程完整的数值模型.采用泊松方程、电流连续性方程和匀强电场方程描述电场,采用N-S方程和雷诺应力标准湍流模型描述流场,采用拉格朗日法描述颗粒运动轨迹.通过截面风速与颗粒去除率的模拟值与实验值的对比,验证了数值模型在模拟内部流场和颗粒运动时的准确性.数值模拟结果表明：双区静电除尘器内部流场分布对入口风速的变化非常敏感;颗粒荷电方式占比由颗粒粒径决定;荷电区内颗粒向极板的趋近过程由流体曳力和电场力共同完成,收尘区内的趋近过程则由电场力主导;入口流速通过改变颗粒前进速度和内部流场形态来影响颗粒运动轨迹.     

采用钙钛矿型催化剂(La0.8K0.2Cu0.05Mn0.95O3)同时催化去除NOx和碳烟的研究

将钙钛矿型催化剂与碳烟均匀混合后置于固定床连续流动反应体系中,利用程序升温反应技术,在模拟柴油机尾气的情况下对同时催化去除氮氧化物(NOx)和碳烟的反应进行了实验研究.通过改变含Cu原料的用量,得到不同Cu取代量的催化剂La0.8K0.2CuxMn1-xO3,性能评价结果表明,La0.8K0.2Cu0.05Mn0.95O3催化剂的综合性能较好,碳烟的起燃温度及NO向N2的最大转化率分别为280℃和58.0%.采用该催化剂,进一步考察了进气中NO浓度、O2浓度、进气总流量及催化剂与碳烟的接触状况对反应的影响.研究结果表明,进气中NO浓度、O2浓度、气体总流量和催化剂与碳烟之间的接触状况对NO的去除率的影响比较明显,而对碳烟起燃温度的影响较小.O2浓度从5%变为7.5%时,碳烟的起燃温度及最大NO转化率分别从280℃和53.8%变为270℃和96.7%.碳烟与催化剂松散接触时,碳烟的起燃温度及最大NO转化率分别为290℃和48.4%,紧密接触时分别为275℃和70.4%.而进气中NO浓度、气体总流量的变化对碳烟的燃烧基本上没有影响,虽然NO的转化率有明显变化,但生成的N2总量基本不变.     

乡镇企业环境保护工作初探

近年来，乡镇企业蓬勃发展的趋势要求我们必须重视其环境保护工作．笔者通过联系当地的实际情况力图阐明自己对于如何搞好乡镇企业环境保护工作的一些观点。     

膜分离技术用于非电解质除杂

介绍电渗析装置工艺及基本原理，提出使用离子选择性透过膜的依据及极限电流的确定方法．论述了不同方法对冷冻液与ＮａＳＣＮ分离效果影响，指出采用电渗析法分离冷冻液中的ＮａＳＣＮ，使除杂率可达９５％以上。本工艺为腈纶冷冻液除杂及防治污染提供了新途径。     

植被净初级生产力对气候变化的响应研究——以黄土高原燕沟流域为例

Vegetation net primary productivity (NPP) is a sensitive indicator to characterize the response of terrestrial ecosystems to the climate change. Projections of the NPP changes of the Loess Plateau under future climate scenarios have great significances in revealing the interactions among terrestrial ecosystems and climatic systems, as well as instructing future vegetation construction of this region. Here, we carried out a case study on the Yangou watershed in the Loess Plateau. Using the vegetation-producing process model (VPP) established for such small watersheds, we simulated the NPP of the Yangou watershed under different scenarios of climate changes. The results showed that the NPP significantly increased with the precipitation increasing and evidently decreased with the temperature increasing where the climate change occurred in the whole year or in the summer half year. However, where the climate change occurred in the winter half year, the increased precipitation had little effect on the NPP, and the increased temperature significantly reduced the NPP. There were clear differences among the response sensitivities of different vegetation types with trees and shrubs were more sensitive to the changes in temperature and precipitation than crops and grasses. Currently, the most favourable climate change scenario to the NPP in the Yangou watershed was T0P15 under which the precipitation increased by 15% and the temperature did not changed, in the whole year; in the meantime, the most unfavourable climate change scenarios was T2P-15 under which the precipitation declined by 15% and the temperature increased by 2℃, in the whole year.     

核电厂核事故应急疏散研究

根据我国法规、标准与美国核管委对核电厂核事故应急疏散的要求,考虑我国核电厂特殊的厂址条件与社会环境,分析核事故应急疏散的可行性。通过应急疏散行为研究、厂区的交通需求估计和路网分析,对不同情境,考虑核事故应急疏散的特殊问题,分别采用人工容量分析与宏观仿真模拟得到应急疏散时间。针对某核电厂,给出核事故应急疏散分析的一般步骤、方法与计算结果。对宏观仿真模型的主要参数进行灵敏度分析,找出影响应急疏散时间的主要因素,提出缩短应急疏散时间的针对性措施。     

Molecular diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi at a large-scale antimony mining area in southern China

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have great potential for assisting heavy metal hyperaccumulators in the remediation of contaminated soils. However, little information is available about the community composition of AMF under natural conditions in soils contaminated by antimony (Sb). The objective of this study was to investigate the characteristics of AMF molecular diversity, and to explore the effects of Sb content and soil properties on the AMF community structure in an Sb mining area. Four Sb mine spoils and one adjacent reference area were selected from around the Xikuangshan mine in southern China. The association of AMF molecular diversity and community composition with the rhizosphere soils of the dominant plant species was studied by Polymerase Chain Reaction-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE). Results from all five studied sites showed that the diversity of AMF decreased with increasing Sb concentration. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that the AMF community structure was markedly different among these groups. Further redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that Sb contaminationwas the dominating factor influencing the AMF community structure in the Sb mine area. However, the multivariate analysis showed that, apart from the soil Sb content, extractable nitrogen content and organic matter content also attributed to AMF sequence distribution type. Some AMF sequences were only found in the highly contaminated area and these might be ideal candidates for improving phytoremediation efficiency in Sb mining regions. Gene sequencing analysis revealed that most species were affiliated with Glomus, suggesting that Glomus was the dominant AMF genus in the studied Sb mining area.     

钙基磁性生物炭对Cr（VI）污染土壤钝化稳定化机制及微生物影响研究

生物炭改性材料因具有活性官能团众多、吸附效能高等优势被广泛应用于土壤重金属污染修复治理中.本研究以稻谷壳为原料,采用 共沉淀法及CaCO₃浸渍法制备了钙基磁性生物炭（Ca-Fe-B）,并使用电子扫描显微镜（SEM）、傅里叶红外光谱（FTIR）、X射线衍射分析（XRD）、X射线光电子能谱分析（XPS）进行表征.同时,通过梯度浓度Cr（VI）污染土壤实验考察Ca-Fe-B施入对土壤pH、Cr（VI）稳定化效果、土壤酶活性及微生物群落结构的影响,并阐述其钝化机理.结果表明：①Ca-Fe-B表面负载Fe₃O₄、γ-Fe₂O₃、Fe₃C及以方解石形式存在的CaCO₃,具有大量—OH、—O—C=O、Si—O—Si、C≡C及C≡N等官能团;②Ca-Fe-B可显著提升土壤pH,在Cr（VI）污染浓度为100、200、1000 mg·kg^-1时,90 d的 固定效率分别可达72.57%、67.07%及59.88%,并使土壤中部分可交换态Cr转化为可还原态及残渣态Cr;③Ca-Fe-B可促进土壤β-葡萄糖苷酶与几丁质酶酶活性,但磷酸酶对其响应不显著,也可显著提升土壤中Proteobacteria门菌相对丰度;④Ca-Fe-B表面形成Si—O—Ca—OH键可吸附Cr（VI）, Fe（Ⅱ）作为电子供体参与土壤Cr（VI）还原过程,并生成Cr₂O₃、Cr（OH）₃沉淀及（Cr_xFe_1-x）（OH）₃、Cr_xFe_1-xOOH络合沉淀,以—OH、 —C=C—、O—C=O为主的大量含氧官能团协同吸附络合土壤中的Cr（VI）.研究显示, Ca-Fe-B对Cr（VI）污染土壤具有良好的稳定性能,有望为土壤重金属污染修复提供一种新的研究思路和技术路线.     

辽宁营口滨海湿地春季迁徙期水鸟现状评价

2016－2020年连续对营口滨海湿地春季迁徙期水鸟种类和数量进行了调查监测。5年的长期调查监测共记录到水鸟4目8科39种,其中鸻鹬类、鸥类及雁鸭类（共占记录物种总数的92.31%）是构成营口滨海湿地春季迁徙期水鸟的主要类群。年际间水鸟种类和数量总体呈增加趋势,翘鼻麻鸭（Tadorna tadorna）、斑尾塍鹬（Limosa lapponica）、黑尾塍鹬（Limosa limosa）、大杓鹬（Numenius madagascariensis）、环颈鸻（Charadrius alexandrinus）、黑腹滨鹬（Calidris alpina）6种优势种处于动态变化之中。记录到的39种水鸟都被列入国内外有关保护条例,且分布达到全球种群评估数量1%的濒危大杓鹬、易危黑嘴鸥（Saundersilarus saundersi）、翘鼻麻鸭、环颈鸻、黑尾塍鹬、斑尾塍鹬、黑腹滨鹬7种水鸟,表明营口滨海湿地及水鸟具有国际重要保护价值。为更好地保护营口滨海湿地水鸟及其栖息地,建议尽早在目前未受保护的营口滨海湿地新建国家公园、自然保护区或自然公园,或纳入生态保护红线;并将营口滨海湿地申报列入《国际重要湿地名录》。     

历山山地草甸的物种多样性及其与土壤理化性质的关系

运用12种多样性指数综合分析了历山舜王坪草甸的物种多样性．随着放牧强度渐弱，物种多样性升高，土壤环境因子影响多样性指数，且有机质、N和K对各多样性指数的影响都较大．各群落多样性指数有大体一致的变化趋势，且其随Cu,K含量的增加而增加，说明土壤养分的增加有利于物种多样性的升高；而有机质和N增加群落多样性反而减少，这是因为人为干扰的影响超过了土壤环境因子的影响．综合以上分析得出，该研究地物种多样性指数的影响因子有放牧强度和土壤环境因子等，其中放牧的影响是最主要的．图3表3参15