高速铁路对沿线地区可达性的影响研究——以皖北地区为例

区域交通可达性的改变是高速铁路对区域发展的最直接影响。在GIS技术的支持下,以皖北地区为实证研究对象,利用日常可达性、加权平均时间等指标分析了在有无高铁两种情景下皖北地区的可达性空间格局变化。结果表明：高铁开通后,皖北区域内部可达性和区域外部可达性均获得了较大提升,但区外可达性的改善要优于区内可达性;皖北整体可达性空间格局没有因高铁发生大的改变,可达性空间分布呈现的区域交通主干道指向性特征在高铁通车后更为明显;可达性改善的地区分布并不均匀,不同地区可达性受惠程度不一,皖北整体以及各城市内部的可达性均衡性程度都在降低,两极分化趋势在加剧     

Molecular phylogenetic analyses of shallow-water Caribbean octocorals

Octocorals, especially gorgonians, are conspicuous on Caribbean coral reefs, but there is no consensus regarding species relationships. Mitochondrial protein-coding genes [NADH-dehydrogenase subunits 2 (ND2) and 6 (ND6), and mutS homolog (msh1), 1633 bp] from 28 shallow-water species were sequenced to develop the first molecular phylogeny for Caribbean octocorals. The specimens were collected primarily in the Caribbean or off Brazil in 1999-2001. Morphological characters (sclerites and axial ultrastructure) were also examined in order to map them onto the molecular phylogeny. Analyses of both nucleotide and amino acid substitutions using maximum parsimony and likelihood (including maximum-likelihood and Bayesian analysis) generated very similar results, with most nodes having high levels of support. These molecular results were significantly different from the generally accepted classification. Neither Plexauridae nor Gorgoniidae were monophyletic. Plexaurella spp., nominal plexaurids, were basal to the gorgoniids, sharing many morphological characters with them. This corroborates previous findings using secondary metabolites and biosynthetic pathways. The sea fans, Gorgonia spp. and Pacifigorgia spp., as well as the pinnate gorgonians, Muriceopsis flavida and Pseudopterogorgia spp., did not have sea fan or pinnate relatives, suggesting there has been convergent evolution of colony form. Caribbean plexaurids appeared more derived and/or recently evolved according to both morphological and molecular data (e.g. Eunicea spp. and Plexaura spp.). Molecular phylogenetics is a promising approach for reconstructing phylogenetic relationships among octocorals as well as to understand their complex morphology. Electronic Supplementary Material is available if you access this article at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-003-1018-7. On that page (frame on the left side), a link takes you directly to the supplementary material.