安康水库下游径流演变及水库运行对径流影响分析

利用1970～2010年水文数据,分析了安康水库下游安康水文站径流的年内、年际变化,并运用Mann kendall[JP]趋势分析方法探讨了径流变化趋势和突变年份;在此基础之上,以安康水库蓄水运行时间为界线,通过绘制径流 降水双累积曲线,剥离降水和安康水库以上流域人类活动对其下游径流的影响,得到安康水库运行等人类活动对下游径流影响程度,从而为揭示水利工程建设对河流影响提供定量化参考。研究表明：近40 a来,安康水库下游径流量呈现减少趋势,且水库的建设运行等人类活动使径流发生了由多到少的突变,使径流年际间变化趋于平缓,其对径流的直接影响程度高达838%,是径流减少的最直接、最主要的因素     

郑州大气及颗粒物中多环芳烃的分布特征与来源解析

对2012年郑州市大气中气态和颗粒态多环芳烃(PAHs)的分布特征与来源进行了分析。结果表明,ρ(∑PAHs)(包括气相与颗粒相)为23.27~194.61 ng/m3,气相中∑PAHs高于颗粒相,四环以下的PAHs大都存在于气态中;在夏、春2季,较小分子质量(≤178)的PAHs占比较高,冬季,较大分子质量(≥252)的PAHs占比明显较高;各功能区ρ(PAHs)排序为工业区交通密集区医疗、文化、行政混合区。郑州大气和颗粒物中PAHs可能主要来自煤和液体燃料(汽油柴油)的燃烧。     

Males are sensitive — sex-dependent effect of rearing conditions on nestling growth

The sex-dependent effect of environmental conditions on nestlings has been extensively studied in size dimorphic birds. Whether males or females are more sensitive to poor conditions is not yet clear; however, the degree of sexual size-dimorphism, brood size and their interactions seem to influence the pattern. Much less is known about sex-dependent environmental sensitivity in size-monomorphic species, even though it may result in biased sex allocation. We altered the rearing conditions by brood size manipulation in the size-monomorphic collared flycatcher and then examined the sex-specific development of the nestlings. In all analyses, we controlled for the effect of paternity, because one may expect extra-pair young to be of better genetic quality and perform better at least under poor conditions. However, this was not the case, because we did not find any difference in growth rate or fledging size between extra- and within-pair young. We found that male nestlings had the potential for faster growth under favourable conditions, but suffered more under poor conditions. We found no sex × environment interaction for fledging size probably because the growth curves level off before fledging, and the disadvantaged nestlings can catch up with their siblings. The larger sensitivity of males does not explain the previously found seasonal shift in brood sex ratios and contradicts previous findings in another size-monomorphic species where females were more sensitive. This suggests that even in size-monomorphic species, no general rule exists, which determines the more sensitive sex.     

Integrated plumage colour variation in relation to body condition, reproductive investment and laying date in the collared flycatcher

The possible integration of different sexual ornaments into a composite system, and especially the information content of such ornament complexes, is poorly investigated. Many bird species display complex plumage coloration, but whether this represents one integrated or several independent sexual traits can be unclear. Collared flycatchers (Ficedula albicollis) display melanised and depigmented plumage areas, and the spectral features (brightness and UV chroma) of these are correlated with each other across the plumage. In a 5-year dataset of male and female plumage reflectance, we examined some of the potential information content of integrated, plumage-level colour attributes by estimating their relationships to previous and current year body condition, laying date and clutch size. Females were in better condition the year before they became darker pigmented, and males in better current year condition were also darker pigmented. Female pigment-based brightness was positively, while male structurally based brightness was negatively related to current laying date. Finally, the overall UV chroma of white plumage areas in males was positively associated with current clutch size. Our results show that higher degree of pigmentation is related to better condition, while the structural colour component is associated with some aspects of reproductive investment. These results highlight the possibility that correlated aspects of a multiple plumage ornamentation system may reflect together some aspects of individual quality, thereby functioning as a composite signal.     

青海省近20年森林植被碳储量变化及其现状分析

基于林业生态功能和青海省森林资源清查数据,采用森林植被生物量换算因子连续函数法,系统估算与分析青海省森林植被碳储量、碳密度,研究其近20 a碳储量变化并进行现状分析。结果表明：(1)青海省森林碳储量为11 182 64222 t,占同时期全国总碳储量的198%,青海省森林生态系统中面积占较大比重的中龄林,其碳储量尚未达到最大,有较大发展空间;(2)青海省近20 a天然林类型中碳储量较大的前4种分别是：柏木（Cupressus funebris）、桦木（Betula）、杨树（Populus）、云杉（Picea asperata）天然林,表明这几种天然林在青海省森林植被中占有重要的地位,其集中分布对区域生态功能的发挥起主导作用;(3)所采用的碳储量估算方法尚存不足,在以后计算中应考虑根据不同林分类型的含碳量进行计算     

基于NRCA的湖北省水资源利用评价研究

利用湖北省17个地市（州）2003~2008年相关数据,运用标准显示性比较优势指数（NRCA）计算各地区各部门水资源利用的规模、效益优势指数和比较优势度,经分类时空分异分析提出：自然条件、自然资源禀赋、经济发展水平及用水效率是湖北省地区生产用水比较优势的驱动因子;城市化发展水平是生活用水比较优势的主要影响因素。此外,灌溉用水优势区域为江汉平原区;林牧渔业用水优势区域主要分布在沿江地带及山区林牧渔业发达区域;工业用水优势区域为武汉、黄石、十堰等传统工业区。证实了NRCA在水资源优势评价方面的可行性。
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分布式TOPMODEL模型在清江流域降雨径流模拟中的应用

以清江流域上游为研究区域,探讨TOPMODEL模型在大流域的应用;对比了SRTM和地形图两种DEM数据在流域地形指数计算及降雨径流模拟中的差异,结果表明,虽然不同DEM计算得到的地形指数和模型率定参数存在较大差异,但是模拟效率基本相同,SRTM数据作为全球覆盖的免费高分辨率DEM数据将极大促进TOPMODEL模型的应用;分析了TOPMODEL模型在大流域中应用存在的局限性,在此基础上,构建了基于子流域的松散耦合的分布式TOPMODEL模型,提出了利用流域实际下垫面数据进行模型参数率定的方法,探讨了子流域划分详细程度对模拟结果的影响,结果表明,分布式TOPMODEL模型充分考虑了流域降雨和下垫面属性空间不均匀性对水文过程的影响,模拟效率高于传统TOPMODEL模型,随着子流域数目的增加,模型在率定期和校验期的效率均呈上升趋势,但是到达一定程度之后,受降雨等输入参数及模型计算误差所限,增加子流域个数不能继续提高模拟效率.     

鄱阳湖主要入湖口重金属的分布及潜在风险评价

于2011年5月在鄱阳湖的主要入湖口采集了水样和表层沉积物,测定并分析了其中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd 4种重金属元素的含量和分布。同时采用地积累指数法、潜在生态危害指数法和生态毒性效应等评价方法对沉积物中重金属的污染状况进行了分析评价。结果显示：鄱阳湖主要入湖口水体重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd含量均符合国家渔业水质标准要求,除修河的Pb和信江、饶河入湖口的Cd含量属于国家地表水Ⅱ类水质外,其它所有样地的4种重金属含量均低于国家地表水I类标准限值。沉积物中4种重金属含量均超过鄱阳湖相应背景值且呈积累富集的趋势,其中信江入湖口、饶河入湖口以及三江口已受到重金属的严重污染,潜在生态危害均为中等,而污染最轻的区域为南主湖区。揭示重金属污染程度顺序为Cu＞Zn＞Pb＞Cd;单个重金属潜在生态风险顺序为Cd＞Cu＞Pb＞Zn。进一步的生态毒性效应评价结果表明,虽然鄱阳湖主要入湖口沉积物已经受到重金属污染,但对多数底栖生物未产生明显毒害     

镇江通江城市河道浮游植物优势种群生态位分析

基于2011年对镇江市典型通江城市河道--古运河4个季节浮游植物组成与分布的现场调查与分析,采用改进的Levins公式和Petrailis指数分析了河道内浮游植物优势种群生态位宽度值和生态位重叠程度变化。结果表明：不同季节各优势种的生态位有较大差异,各物种对环境因子的适应能力存在较大差别。河道内春、秋季分别以十字藻、微囊藻生态位最宽,河道内以蓝、绿藻为主要发展型优势种;夏、冬季均以小环藻生态位最宽,硅藻门优势地位明显。不同时期河道内生境条件变化影响了藻类种群结构变化与优势种生态位的差异     

贵州省城市污泥重金属组成特征与农用风险评价

分别选取了贵州省7个主要城市的10个典型污水处理厂脱水污泥样品进行检测,统计了2009~2012年污泥中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni、Cr、As、Hg的含量。结果表明,城市污泥中重金属含量受到各地区工矿业发展的影响,部分重金属在某一污水处理厂出现了远大于其它地区的极值,具有明显的地域特征。2009~2012年贵州省城市污泥重金属的变化表现为As、Hg呈升高趋势,其它重金属变化趋势不明显,As、Hg升高可能是因为贵州省近年来燃煤消耗量增加,烟气排放污染所致。对污泥重金属的农用风险评价显示,贵阳中部（S2）、黔西地区(S9)污泥农用重金属的生态风险较高,不推荐直接施用,其它各地区污泥农用风险较低,可以进行农用,建议各污水处理厂应根据本地区污泥重金属特征制定合理的污泥处置措施