县级单元国土空间线控机制研究?——以涞水县为例

2019年10月,中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅联合印发《关于在国土空间规划中统筹划定落实三条控制线的指导意见》后,线控管理模式将取代先前以量控为主的粗放型管理模式。本文以涞水县为例,通过分析涞水县生态保护红线、永久基本农田控制线、城镇开发边界三条控制线（以下简称“三线”）划定中的现实问题,剖析我国当前“三线”划定和实施线控的困境,从探索“三线”划定方法出发建立线控机制,包括“三线”优序管理、线数统管、两级分管和政策保障等内容;通过典型试点、用途管制与用态管治统筹推进线控实践;提出遗留问题处理、永久基本农田控制线和生态保护红线立法、顶层设计等当前主要任务。     

Innovative method of culturing bdelloid rotifers for the application of wastewater biological treatment

• An innovative method of culturing bdelloid rotifer fed on flour was proposed. • Rotifer fed on flour grew faster than that fed on bacteria or Chlorella vulgaris. • The optimum mass culture conditions for rotifer fed on flour were investigated. • The cultured rotifer could improve sludge settleability in the SBR. This study aims to establish a simple and efficient method for the mass culture of bdelloid rotifers, which is the basis for the application of bdelloid rotifers as biological manipulators to improve wastewater biological treatment performance. A common bdelloid rotifer, Habrotrocha sp., in a wastewater biological treatment system was selected as the culture target. Rotifers fed on flour could reproduce faster than those fed traditional food such as Chlorella vulgaris or mixed bacteria. As a rotifer food, flour has the advantages of simple preparation, effortless preservation, and low cost compared to live Chlorella vulgaris or mixed bacteria, so it is more suitable for the mass culture of rotifers. The optimal rotifer culture conditions using flour as food were also studied. According to the experimental results, the recommended rotifer culture conditions are a flour particle size of 1 μm, a flour concentration of 6 × 10⁶ cell/mL, a temperature of 28℃, a pH level of 6.5 and salinity of 100–500 mg/L. In addition, the sludge volume index in the sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with the addition of cultured rotifers was 59.9 mL/g at the end of operation and decreased by 18.2% compared to SBR without rotifer, which indicates that the cultured rotifers still retained the function of helping to improve sludge settling. This function may be related to the rotifer’s role in inhibiting bacteria from producing loosely bound extracellular polymeric substances in the SBR.     

Occurrence of veterinary antibiotics in struvite recovery from swine wastewater by using a fluidized bed

Antibiotics in wastewater pose pharmacological threats to phosphorous recovery. Recovered struvite particles possessed significantly antibiotic residues. Smaller granules contained much more antibiotics than the larger ones. Organic matters and struvite granulation process exerted significant impacts. Recovering phosphorus from livestock wastewater has gained extensive attention. The residue of veterinary antibiotics in the wastewater may be present in the recovered products, thereby posing pharmacological threats to the agricultural planting and human health. This study investigated antibiotic occurrence in the struvite particles recovered from swine wastewater by using a fluidized bed. Results revealed that tetracyclines possessed significant residues in the struvite granules, with the values ranging from 195.2 mg·kg⁻¹ to 1995.0 mg·kg⁻¹. As for fluoroquinolones, their concentrations varied from 0.4 mg·kg⁻¹ to 1104.0 mg·kg⁻¹. Struvite particles were of various sizes and shapes and displayed different antibiotic adsorption capacities. The data also showed that the smaller granules contained much more antibiotics than the larger ones, indicating that the fluidized granulation process of struvite crystals plays an important role on the accumulation of antibiotics. For tetracyclines, organic matters and struvite adsorption exerted significant impacts on tetracyclines migration. The outcomes underscore the need to consider the residues of antibiotics in resource recovery from wastewater because they exert pharmacological impacts on the utilization of recovered products.     

Reduction of wastewater toxicity and change of microbial community in a hydrolysis acidification reactor pre-treating trimethylolpropane wastewater

Trimethylolpropane (TMP) wastewater is one of the most toxic petrochemical wastewater. Toxicants with high concentrations in TMP wastewater often inhibit the activity of microorganisms associated with biological treatment processes. The hydrolysis acidification process (HAP) is widely used to pretreat petrochemical wastewater. However, the effects of HAP on the reduction of wastewater toxicity and the relevant underlying mechanisms have rarely been reported. In this study, an HAP reactor was operated for 240 days, fed with actual TMP wastewater diluted by tap water in varying ratios. The toxicity of TMP wastewater was assessed with the inhibition ratio of oxygen uptake rate. When the organic loading rates were lower than 7.5 kg COD/m³/d, the toxicity of TMP wastewater was completely eliminated. When the actual TMP wastewater was directly fed into the reactor, the toxicity of TMP wastewater decreased from 100% to 34.9%. According to the results of gas chromatographymass spectrometry analysis, four main toxicants contained in TMP wastewater, namely, formaldehyde, 2-ethylacrolein, TMP and 2-ethylhexanol, were all significantly removed, with removal efficiencies of 93.42%, 95.42%, 72.85% and 98.94%, respectively. Compared with the removal efficiency of CODCr, the reduction rate of toxicity is markedly higher by HAP. In addition, the change of microbial community in the HAP reactor, along the operation period, was studied. The results revealed that, compared with the seed sludge, Firmicutes became the dominant phylum (abundance increased from 0.51% to 57.08%), followed by Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes (abundance increased from 59.75% to 25.99% and from 4.70% to 8.39%, respectively).

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广州大气PM_(2.5)中含碳组分的污染特征及来源解析

于2015年1月至11月在广州利用大流量大气颗粒物采样器采集细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))样品,并利用热光反射法(TOR)测定大气颗粒物中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)浓度。结果表明,广州ρ(PM_(2.5))年均值为(69.5±35.6)μg·m~(-3),是GB 3095—2012《环境空气质量标准》中PM_(2.5)年均质量浓度二级标准限值(35μg·m~(-3))的2.0倍,表明广州大气细颗粒物污染严重。OC、EC和总碳气溶胶(TCA)的年均质量浓度分别为(8.31±4.53)、(3.56±2.72)和(16.85±9.60)μg·m~(-3),分别占PM_(2.5)质量浓度的13.2%、5.9%和27.0%,表明含碳组分是PM_(2.5)的重要组成部分。OC和EC浓度季节变化规律存在差异性,OC浓度在冬季最高,而EC浓度在秋季最高。OC和EC的相关性弱和比值高的特征结果表明冬季二次有机碳(SOC)污染最严重,其平均质量浓度为6.9μg·m~(-3),占OC质量浓度的62.4%。主成分分析结果表明,冬季和春季广州PM_(2.5)中碳组分来源较复杂,主要包括机动车尾气、燃煤和生物质燃烧,夏季碳组分的主导污染来源是燃煤和机动车尾气,而秋季碳组分主要来源于机动车尾气。     

利用CRISPR/Cas9系统敲除斑马鱼bco1基因与bco1l基因

β-胡萝卜素-15,15'-加氧酶(β-carotene-15,15'-momoxygenase 1,bco1)是β-胡萝卜素转化成维生素A过程中的关键酶,bco1与bco1l是编码此酶的主要基因。本实验利用CRISPR/Cas9技术敲除斑马鱼的与β-胡萝卜素-15,15'-加氧酶编码相关的基因bco1与bco1l,以便深入开展对斑马鱼bco1的功能研究。分别在斑马鱼bco1与bco1l基因2号外显子选取sg RNA识别位点,体外转录制备sg RNA并与Cas9 m RNA混合对斑马鱼Ⅰ细胞期受精卵进行显微注射,24 h后收集部分胚胎进行PCR检测并将PCR产物进行单克隆测序确定sg RNA的有效性,构建首建鱼,并在此基础上通过PCR检测、凝胶电泳及测序筛选可遗传突变体。本研究分别获得了bco1基因突变与bco1l基因突变,分析表明这些缺失和插入均可导致编码序列的移码,为研究鱼类胡萝卜素代谢及相关发育过程等后续研究提供了材料。     

珠三角地区人为热排放演变趋势及不确定性分析

人类生产生活中产生的大量废热对城市环境中的温度、城市边界层结构、空气质量及人类健康都有着重要的影响.然而目前人为热排放清单的计算方法存在所需基础资料种类繁多、计算过程复杂,空间分布和排放量有较大偏差等不足.本研究采用统计回归法基于CO和NO_x污染源清单计算了2007—2015年珠江三角洲地区的人为热排放清单,对其排放趋势、热排放来源类型变化以及空间格局的演变进行了梳理.结果表明：2007—2015年珠三角地区年平均人为热均大于9 W·m^-2,人为热排放峰值出现在2010年,趋势为先增加后减少,这与燃料消耗总量的变化趋势基本一致,而工业源和道路移动源是影响人为热排放总量变化的最大因素：2007—2015年珠三角地区大部分区域人为热排放处于0~20 W·m^-2,高值区（>20 W·m^-2）主要分布于珠三角地区中心地带的城市群,高值区缩减的面积和速度在2010—2012年期间达到最大.进一步对2012年人为热清单的不确定性分析表明：总人为热的95%置信区间的不确定性为-16%~49%,其中电厂类别排放估算中的不确定性最小,为-13%~16%,而工业源的不确定性最高,为-46%~73%.     

我国社会组织作为环境公益诉讼原告主体的本土特性

我国新环保法将环境公益诉讼主体限定为符合特定资质的环保社会组织。但是我国环保组织发展历程和现状表现出了一定的特殊性,与域外环保组织不尽相同。我国"自上而下"发展的环保组织存在缺乏社会基础,组织活动受到行政因素影响,"社会性"不明显等问题。在引入环境公益诉讼并赋予环保组织诉讼权利的同时,对我国本土环保组织的实际状况进行理性分析,是完善我国环境公益诉讼的必然要求。     

基于模糊数学的矿业城市地表水污染风险评价

根据模糊数学方法,建立了水污染风险模糊综合评价数学模型,以煤炭资源型城市阜新为研究对象,选取辽河流域阜新段1996～2005年枯水期和丰水期水质状况平均值进行水污染风险评价。旨在定量分析评价阜新地区地表水环境质量现状和存在的问题。结果表明：辽河阜新段水质在1996～2005年间波动较大,呈水质日益恶化的状态。水体主要污染物为有机物、氨氮和溶解性铁,总体来说各污染物变化规律各不相同,总磷、BOD5、溶解性铁呈递增趋势,其他污染物质都呈波动性变化。