基于模糊数学的矿业城市地表水污染风险评价

根据模糊数学方法,建立了水污染风险模糊综合评价数学模型,以煤炭资源型城市阜新为研究对象,选取辽河流域阜新段1996～2005年枯水期和丰水期水质状况平均值进行水污染风险评价。旨在定量分析评价阜新地区地表水环境质量现状和存在的问题。结果表明：辽河阜新段水质在1996～2005年间波动较大,呈水质日益恶化的状态。水体主要污染物为有机物、氨氮和溶解性铁,总体来说各污染物变化规律各不相同,总磷、BOD5、溶解性铁呈递增趋势,其他污染物质都呈波动性变化。     

利用单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪(SPAMS)研究太原市冬季一次雾霾天气的污染特征及成因

2017年11月5日至6日太原市发生了一次重度污染天气,利用单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪(SPAMS)分析了细颗粒物的化学组成,根据太原市细颗粒源谱库对主要成分进行了来源解析,并结合激光雷达和气象条件研究了雾霾天气成因.结果表明,雾霾天时颗粒物主要包括如下9类:有机碳颗粒(OC)、元素碳颗粒(EC)、元素-有机碳混合颗粒(ECOC)、高分子有机碳(HOC)颗粒、富钾颗粒(K-rich)、富钠颗粒(Na-rich)、左旋葡聚糖颗粒、矿物质颗粒及重金属颗粒,9类颗粒中普遍存在的二次成分表明它们都经历了一定程度的老化过程.含碳颗粒物(OC、EC)与二次颗粒物(SO2-4、NO-3、NH+4)的相关性在干净天时高于雾霾天,二次颗粒物的相关性在两种天气状况下都较高.污染物来源解析结果表明,此次重污染过程主要是由机动车尾气和燃煤引起的.激光雷达及气象数据分析表明,此次污染过程是由外来污染物传输以及风速低、湿度高、大气边界层高度降低等不利的气象条件共同作用造成的.     

Ozonation as an efficient pretreatment method to alleviate reverse osmosis membrane fouling caused by complexes of humic acid and calcium ion

Humic acids (HA) didn’t cause obvious reverse osmosis (RO) membrane fouling in 45 h. Osmotic pressure (NaCl) affected slightly the RO membrane fouling behavior of HA. Ca²⁺ promoted aggregation of HA molecules and thus aggravated RO membrane fouling. Ozonation eliminated the effect of Ca²⁺ on the RO membrane fouling behavior of HA. The change of the structure of HA was related to its membrane fouling behavior. Humic acid has been considered as one of the most significant sources in feed water causing organic fouling of reverse osmosis (RO) membranes, but the relationship between the fouling behavior of humic acid and the change of its molecular structure has not been well developed yet. In this study, the RO membrane fouling behavior of humic acid was studied systematically with ozonation as a pretreatment method to control RO membrane fouling. Furthermore, the effect of ozone on the structure of humic acid was also explored to reveal the mechanisms. Humic acid alone (10–90 mg/L, in deionized water) was found not to cause obvious RO membrane fouling in 45-h operation. However, the presence of Ca²⁺ aggravated significantly the RO membrane fouling caused by humic acid, with significant flux reduction and denser fouling layer on RO membrane, as it was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM). However, after the pretreatment by ozone, the influence of Ca²⁺ was almost eliminated. Further analysis revealed that the addition of Ca²⁺ increased the particle size of humic acid solution significantly, while ozonation reduced the SUVA₂₅₄, particle size and molecular weight of the complexes of humic acid and Ca²⁺ (HA-Ca²⁺ complexes). According to these results and literature, the bridge effect of Ca²⁺ aggregating humic acid molecules and the cleavage effect of ozone breaking HA-Ca²⁺ complexes were summarized. The change of the structure of humic acid under the effect of Ca²⁺ and ozone is closely related to the change of its membrane fouling behavior.     

垃圾土压缩应变模型研究

研究垃圾土的压缩应变模型参数对填埋场的设计、建设以及管理是至关重要的.本文根据重庆市城市生活垃圾的组成特点,用配制的垃级土进行单级长期加载压缩试验.试验结果表明:试验初期压缩应变量较大,经过一个加速期以后,应变趋于稳定.压缩应变速率在24 h之前变化较大,24 h后趋于平缓,建议用24 h的压缩应变代替极限压缩应变.根...     

黄河三角洲高效生态经济发展存在的问题与对策研究

国家将黄河三角洲的发展定位为"高效生态",并上升为国家战略,这给黄河三角洲高效生态经济发展提供了重要机遇。从分析高效生态经济内涵出发,着重分析了区域经济结构不合理、对外开放水平不高、体制机制严重不足、生态与环境保护薄弱等问题,并提出了优化产业结构、坚持全方位开放、建立科学制度和坚持生态优先等相应对策,以期对黄河三角洲高效生态经济发展提供借鉴。     

南京市典型交通区与背景区春季大气中VOCs的污染水平与日变化趋势

于2014年春季使用Tedlar气袋采集南京市典型交通区与背景区的大气样品,参照美国EPA TO-15方法共检出30种挥发性有机物(VOCs)组分,研究了典型区域的VOCs污染特征与日变化趋势。结果表明,交通区ρ(VOCs)范围为122.58!236.97μg·m-3,平均值为(149.31±36.70)μg·m-3;背景区ρ(VOCs)范围为27.24!54.68μg·m-3,平均值为(43.29±10.53)μg·m-3。从污染物类型来看,烯烃、芳烃、卤代烃和酯类化合物是空气中的主要污染物。交通区空气中VOCs以苯系物为主,质量浓度范围为18.72!41.28μg·m-3,平均值为(25.39±7.63)μg·m-3,苯系物浓度日变化高峰出现在9:00、12:00和18:00,与道路车流量密切相关;而背景区苯系物浓度偏低,且无明显的变化趋势。对交通区苯系物各组分进行主成分分析发现,苯、乙苯、对,间-二甲苯、邻-二甲苯、4-乙基甲苯、1,3,5-三甲苯和1,2,4-三甲苯是主要的贡献因子,汽车尾气是交通区苯系物污染的主要来源。     

Catalytic oxidation of o-chlorophenol over Co2XAl (X= Co,Mg, Ca,Ni) hydrotalcite-derived mixed oxide catalysts

• Superior catalytic activity observed for o-chlorophenol oxidation on Co₂MgAlO. • The reducibility, oxygen species and basicity influenced catalytic activity. • The organic by-products were generated in o-chlorophenol catalytic oxidation. A cobalt-based hydrotalcite-like compound was prepared using a constant-pH coprecipitation method. Cobalt-transition metal oxides (Co₂XAlO, X= Co, Mg, Ca and Ni) were investigated for the deep catalytic oxidation of o-chlorophenol as a typical heteroatom contaminant containing chlorine atoms. The partial substitution of Co by Mg, Ca or Ni in the mixed oxide can promote the catalytic oxidation of o-chlorophenol. The Co₂MgAlO catalyst presented the best catalytic activity, and could maintain 90% o-chlorophenol conversion at 167.1°C, compared only 27% conversion for the Co₃AlO catalyst. The results demonstrated that the high activity could be attributed to its increased low-temperature reducibility, rich active oxygen species and excellent oxygen mobility. In the existence of acid and base sites, catalysts with strong basicity also showed preferred activity. The organic by-products generated during the o-chlorophenol catalytic oxidation over Co₂MgAlO catalyst included carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene, 2,4-dichlorophenol, and 2,6-dichloro-p-benzoquinon, et al. This work provides a facile method for the preparation of Co-based composite oxide catalysts, which represent promising candidates for typical chlorinated and oxygenated volatile organic compounds.     

PbO2/Fe双阳极耦合促进焦化废水除碳脱氮

传统单个PbO_2阳极用于污染物去除存在降解效率较差、能耗高的问题,本文构建了PbO_2/Fe双阳极体系,通过耦合电氧化技术和电絮凝技术实现对焦化废水同步除碳脱氮.研究发现,双阳极体系下6 h电解使得化学需氧量(COD)和总氮(TN)去除率分别达到50.3%±6.2%和34.9%±4.2%,高于单PbO_2阳极体系(21.9%±3.4%和21.1%±5.3%)和单Fe阳极体系(11.0%±1.2%和12.1%±3.1%).COD和TN去除速度与施加在两个阳极上的电流大小直接相关.采用焦化废水中主要污染物如苯酚、硫氰酸盐、氨氮进行配水实验时发现,Fe阳极加入不仅起到了电絮凝作用,还可以促进氧化反应的发生,提高了反应速度.从体系中氯离子、pH变化情况及电子自旋共振光谱结果可推测,Fe阳极释放出来的Fe(Ⅱ)与PbO_2阳极氧化氯离子产生的ClO~-发生类Fenton反应,生成强氧化性物质作用于污染物氧化降解.     

玉溪市电网遭受地质灾害脆弱性综合评价

玉溪市地质灾害频发,电网覆盖广泛,电网遭受地质灾害的灾变损失较大。结合地质灾害对电网的致灾特点以及灾变损失的影响因素,构建了电网遭受地质灾害脆弱性的评价指标体系,采用层次分析法和熵值法相结合的方法,对玉溪市各区、县电网遭受地质灾害的脆弱性进行了主客观综合评价,并运用聚类分析进行等级区划。结果表明,玉溪市55.5%区县电网脆弱性等级较高。