我国社会组织作为环境公益诉讼原告主体的本土特性

我国新环保法将环境公益诉讼主体限定为符合特定资质的环保社会组织。但是我国环保组织发展历程和现状表现出了一定的特殊性,与域外环保组织不尽相同。我国"自上而下"发展的环保组织存在缺乏社会基础,组织活动受到行政因素影响,"社会性"不明显等问题。在引入环境公益诉讼并赋予环保组织诉讼权利的同时,对我国本土环保组织的实际状况进行理性分析,是完善我国环境公益诉讼的必然要求。     

基于模糊数学的矿业城市地表水污染风险评价

根据模糊数学方法,建立了水污染风险模糊综合评价数学模型,以煤炭资源型城市阜新为研究对象,选取辽河流域阜新段1996～2005年枯水期和丰水期水质状况平均值进行水污染风险评价。旨在定量分析评价阜新地区地表水环境质量现状和存在的问题。结果表明：辽河阜新段水质在1996～2005年间波动较大,呈水质日益恶化的状态。水体主要污染物为有机物、氨氮和溶解性铁,总体来说各污染物变化规律各不相同,总磷、BOD5、溶解性铁呈递增趋势,其他污染物质都呈波动性变化。     

Start-up of the anammox process from the conventional activated sludge in a hybrid bioreactor

The anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process was successfully started up from conventional activated sludge using a hybrid bioreactor within 2 months. The average removal efficiencies of ammonia and nitrite were both over 80%, and the maximum total nitrogen removal rate of 1.85 kg N/(m³.day) was obtained on day 362 with the initial sludge concentration of 0.7 g mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS)/L. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation of the granular sludge in the hybrid reactor clearly showed a high degree of compactness and cell sphericity, and the cell size was quite uniform. Transmission electron microscope photos showed that cells were round or oval, the cellular diameter was 0.6--1.0 μupm, and the percentage of the anammoxosome compartment was 51%--85% of the whole cell volume. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis (FISH) indicated that anammox bacteria became the dominant population in the community (accounting for more than 51% of total bacteria on day 250). Seven planctomycete 16S rRNA gene sequences were present in the 16S rRNA gene clone library generated from the biomass and affiliated to Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis and Candidatus Brocadia sp., a new anammox species. In addition, the average effluent suspended solid (MLSS) concentrations of outlets I (above the non-woven carrier) and II (below the non-woven carrier) were 0.0009 and 0.0035 g/L, respectively. This showed that the non-woven carrier could catch the biomass effectively, which increased biomass and improved the nitrogen removal rate in the reactor.     

Investigation of basic properties of fly ash from urban waste incinerators in China

Basic properties of fly ash samples from different urban waste combustion facilities in China were analyzed using as X-ray fluorescence （XRF）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, X-ray diffraction （XRD）. The leaching toxicity procedure and some factors influencing heavy metals distribution in fly ash were further investigated. Experimental results indicate that the fly ash structures are complex and its properties are variable. The results of XRF and SEM revealed that the major elements （〉10000 mg/kg, listed in decreasing order of abundance） in fly ash are O, Ca, Cl, Si, S, K, Na, Al, Fe and Zn. These elements account for 93% to 97%, and the content of Cl ranges from 6.93% to 29.18 %, while that of SiO2 does from 4.48% to 24.84%. The minor elements （1000 to 10000 mg/kg） include Cr, Cu and Pb. Primary heavy metals in fly ash include Zn, Pb, Cr, Cu etc. According to standard leaching test, heavy metal leaching levels vary from 0 to 163.10 mg/L （Pb） and from 0.049 to 164.90 mg/L （Zn）, mostly exceeding the Chinese Identification Standard for hazardous wastes. Morphology of fly ash is irregular, with both amorphous structures and polycrystalline aggregates. Further research showed that heavy metals were volatilized at a high furnace temperature, condensed when cooling down during the post-furnace system and captured at air pollution control systems. Generally, heavy metals are mainly present in the forms of aerosol particulates or tiny particulates enriched on surfaces of fly ash particles. The properties of fly ash are greatly influenced by the treatment capacities of incinerators or the variation of waste retention time in chamber. Fly ash from combustors of larger capacities generally has higher contents of volatile component and higher leaching toxicity, while those of smaller capacities often produce fly ash containing higher levels of nonvolatile components and has lower toxicity. The content of heavy metals and leaching toxicity maybe have no convincing correlation, and high alkali content of CaO greatly contribute to leaching toxicity of heavy metal and acid neutralization capacity against acid rain.     

Effect of different molecular weight organic components on the increase of microbial growth potential of secondary effluent by ozonation

Ozonation has been widely applied in advanced wastewater treatment. In this study, the effect of ozonation on assimilable organic carbon （AOC） levels in secondary effluents was investigated, and AOC variation of different molecular weight （MW） organic components was analyzed. Although the removal efflciencies were 47%-76% and 94%-100% for UV2s4 and color at ozone dosage of 10 mg/L, dissolved organic carbon （DOC） in secondary effluents was hardly removed by ozonation. The AOC levels increased by 70%-780% at an ozone dosage range of 1-10 mg/L. AOC increased significantly in the instantaneous ozone demand phase, and the increase in AOC was correlated to the decrease in UV254 during ozonation. The results of MW distribution showed that, ozonation led to the transformation of larger molecules into smaller ones, but the increase in low MW （〈1 kDa） fraction did not contribute much to AOC production. The change of high MW （〉100 kDa and 10-100 kDa） fractions itself during ozonation was the main reason for the increase of AOC levels. Furthermore, the oxidation of organic matters with high MWs （〉 100 kDa and 10-100 kDa） resulted in more AOC production than those with low MWs （1-10 kDa and 〈1 kDa）. The results indicated that removing large molecules in secondary effluents could limit the increase of AOC during ozonation.     

基于模糊聚类分析的矿业城市地表水环境质量评价

文章介绍了模糊聚类分析法,并运用此方法对位于阜新境内的辽河支流——柳河、绕阳河和养息牧河的地表水环境监测断面进行了聚类分析。在9个监测断面中,受污染最严重的断面位于养息牧河下游方向,此断面中,氨氮、高锰酸盐指数和化学需氧量的污染指数均严重超标。研究结果表明,辽河流域阜新段地表水水质己受到严重污染,不可以作为饮用水源地水源。聚类分析结果与实际污染情况相吻合,能客观地反映多因子共同作用下的地表水环境质量状况,这为制定辽河水环境治理方案和宏观决策提供了必要的科学依据。     

引起红土表层硅铝比值增大原因的可能性探讨

Si/Al或SiO2 /R2 O3 常常作为表生化学风化作用强度的重要指标。随着化学风化作用的进行 ,硅铝比或硅铝铁率表现出逐渐降低的演化趋势。中国南方的红土风化壳 ,是强烈化学风化作用的产物 ,被认为处于或经历了脱硅富铝化阶段。但是在红土剖面上部常常出现该比值不降反升的现象 ,给运用这一指标指示化学风化强度带来了困难。通过对贵州平坝、新蒲及花溪碳酸盐岩红色风化壳化学风化程度的研究 ,以及对中国南方几种不同结晶母岩上发育的红土的化学风化强度指标的对比讨论 ,探讨了产生这种现象的可能性原因。指出Fe、Al氧化物的下渗和淋失作用及其硅质的相对富集是引起中国南方红土表层出现Si/Al和SiO2 /R2 O3升高的主要原因。     

灌注重金属稳定剂对复合重金属污染河道底泥的修复效能与机理研究

为探索原位灌注重金属稳定剂修复重金属污染河道底泥的可行性，以电子拆解区重金属污染物河道底泥为对象，考察了灌注Na₂S、CaS_x和FeSO₄对底泥中Cr、Cd、Pb、As和Sb五种高毒性重金属的稳定化效果。结果表明：对于Cd、Pb, 3种药剂在投加30%时能完全抑制底泥中二者的浸出，而对于Cr、As和Sb, FeSO₄的稳定化效果最好，其次为CaS_x,Na₂S效果最差。在FeSO₄投加量为3%、5%、8%和10%(质量比)时，底泥中总Cr、Cr⁶⁺、As和Sb的浸出质量浓度分别降低了90%、97%、100%和100%。3种药剂处理后第7 d底泥总Cr和Cr⁶⁺浸出均出现反弹，而对于As、Sb,仅Na₂S和CaS_x出现反弹。还原剂稳定底泥重金属的机理主要通过促进重金属由弱酸可溶态向可氧化态和残渣态转变。在3%FeSO₄处理基础上进...