……维护矿工生命权益 偿还煤矿安全欠帐

就在全国人民喜气洋洋欢度鸡年新春佳节的喜庆日子里，一场突如其来的巨大矿难让人们的心一下子给震惊了，喜庆的欢乐立时被分外的悲哀所替代。2月14日14时49分，辽宁省阜新矿区集团公司孙家湾煤矿海州立井发生特大瓦斯爆炸事故，遇难矿工人数达214人。这是共和国历史上继1960年5月9日13时45分，山西大同矿务局老白洞矿15号井发生煤尘爆炸，     

Age and seasonal variability of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in free-ranging East Greenland polar bears (Ursus maritimus)

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were analysed in adipose tissue from 92 East Greenland polar bears (Ursus maritimus) sampled during 1999-2001. Mean SigmaPBDE concentrations were 70 ng/g lipid weight (lw) (range: 22-192 ng/g lw) and showed no relationship with age or sex. Of the 32 analysed PBDE congeners; BDE47, BDE153, BDE99 and BDE100 dominated, and comprised 99.6% of the SigmaPBDE concentration. The SigmaPBDE concentration had a highly significant correlation with SigmaPCB, SigmaCHL, dieldrin, HCB and SigmaHCH concentrations. We found a seasonal pattern of median SigmaPBDE concentration with 1.2 to 1.8 times higher concentrations in March to July than the rest of the year. The seasonal variation also provides a clue to the seasonal exposure, bio-availability, toxic exposure and degradation. We suggest that future geographical PBDE data comparisons may not need corrections for sex or age, but such data sets should be corrected for seasonal variability, using the presented correctional trigonometric regression.     

生物质炭及过氧化钙对旱地红壤CH4、CO2和N2O排放的影响

采用室内培养实验,在旱地红壤中添加生物质炭和过氧化钙,探究生物质炭和过氧化钙对旱地红壤CH_4、CO_2和N_2O排放及微生物活性的影响。本试验共设置4个处理,即CK(对照)、Ca(过氧化钙,1.72 g·kg~(-1))、C(生物质炭,21.46 g·kg~(-1))、C+Ca(生物质炭,21.46 g·kg~(-1);过氧化钙,1.72 g·kg~(-1))。结果表明:生物质炭和过氧化钙单施能够减少CO_2和N_2O通量,配施(C+Ca)对CH_4、CO_2和N_2O气体减排的效果更显著;从温室气体增温潜势(GWP)变化可以看出改良剂对温室效应具有明显的减轻作用。生物质炭和过氧化钙在一定程度上增加土壤pH、土壤微生物量碳和可溶性有机碳含量。土壤中添加生物质炭和过氧化钙均可以提高蔗糖酶、淀粉酶以及脲酶活性,其中配施(C+Ca)效果最好。因此,生物质炭和过氧化钙配施能够有效降低旱地红壤温室气体的排放量,对旱地红壤的减排可以起到一定作用。     

磁场对酪氨酸酶活性及其催化降解酚类有机物影响的研究

研究了恒磁场对酪氨酸酶(TYR)活性及其催化降解酚类有机物的影响.结果显示,不同磁场强度(10～350 mT)处理下TYR酶活性均有提高,最佳磁场强度150mT下酶活力提高了27.1%.不同磁化时间下TYR酶活都有上升,但磁化60min后酶活上升幅度有所下降.酶经磁场处理后对温度、pH值稳定性增强,在温度为20～35 ℃、pH为5.0～10.0时均能保持较高活性,最佳温度为25℃,最佳pH为7.0;磁化后TYR酶的Michaelis常数Km为3.83 mmol·L-1,未磁化的Michaelis常数Km为2.65 mmol·L-1.磁场作用可促进TYR对酚类有机物邻苯二酚、苯酚、2,4-二氯酚的转化,反应速度依次递减,磁化处理对邻苯二酚反应的促进作用尤其明显;磁化处理后的酶对不同浓度苯酚和2,4-二氯酚的去除率均明显高于未磁化处理的酶,且随着酶用量增加,酚去除率提高.荧光发射光谱分析表明,磁化酪氨酸酶的荧光强度增强,构像发生了变化.     

多重动机对中国居民亲环境行为的交互影响北大核心CSCDCSSCI

实现居民亲环境行为自觉是弥补当前亲环境行为“高认知度、低践行度”的“知-行”缺口现象的重要途径。本研究在梳理国内外相关文献的基础上,基于规范焦点理论和自我决定理论,对三类亲环境行为动机所具备的环保规范情境特征进行理论分析,包含工具性环保动机具备的命令性环保规范情境特征、自利性环保动机具备的描述性环保规范情境特征、规范性环保动机具备的个人环保规范情境特征。结合动机的内外视角,将亲环境行为划分为内、外源亲环境行为,构建出“规范-动机”融合视角下的中国居民亲环境行为的研究框架,并在中国20个直辖市和地级市进行问卷调查,运用描述性统计分析、层次回归分析探究动机与居民内、外源亲环境行为的三重交互关系。研究发现:①工具性环保动机可以直接正向影响居民的外源亲环境行为。②自利性环保动机可以直接正向影响居民的内源亲环境行为。③自利性环保动机和内源亲环境行为的关系会受到工具性环保动机的负向调节。④工具性环保动机与外源亲环境行为的关系并未受到自利性环保动机、规范性环保动机的调节效用影响。⑤自利性环保动机和内源亲环境行为的关系会受到规范性环保动机的正向调节。⑥当个体具有高水平规范性环保动机、自利性环保动机、工具性环保动机时,能产生最高水平的内源亲环境行为。⑦当个体具有低水平规范性环保动机、高水平自利性环保动机和工具性环保动机时,能产生最高水平的外源亲环境行为。本研究结论与自我一致性逻辑相符,因此政府可以通过激励、教育、创办“模范社区”等措施提升居民亲环境行为水平。     

羧甲基菊粉对CaCO3晶体表面Zeta电位及微观形貌的影响

羧甲基菊粉(CMI)是一种含有羧基(-COOH)的多糖类聚合物,探讨了其作为新型水处理药剂对CaCO3晶体结垢形成的影响.研究了其对CaCO3晶体表面Zeta电位的影响,将等浓度的Ca2+与CO2-3的溶液混合,适时测定CaCO3晶体生长过程中表面Zeta电位及溶液中pH的变化.实验结果表明,CaCO3晶体表面带有负电荷,在CaCO3晶体生长过程中加入CMI,对CaCO3晶体表面Zeta电位没有明显影响,使CaCO3溶液pH降低的趋势稍有减缓.并利用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)等分析方法对新生成的CaCO3晶体进行表征,探讨CMI对CaCO3晶体微观形貌的影响.     

如何增强安全教育培训的吸引力

近年来,有关部门虽然加强了安全生产管理,但各类安全事故仍屡屡发生.其原因主要还是个人安全素质问题,一是安全意识差,莽撞侥幸、违章指挥、违章操作:二是安全知识和技能缺乏.不能有效地进行预防和控制.因此,开展安全教育培训,增强从业者安全意识,提高从业者安全技能仍是当前需要重视和强化的首要问题.而如何提高教育培训的效果是各级安全管理部门和各类安全培训机构面临的最大难题.本人认为,目前安全培训的主要问题在于缺乏吸引力.     

Fifteen years of monitoring of POPs in the breast milk, Czech Republic, 1994–2009: trends and factors

Background, aim and scope

The breast milk has been recommended to carry out as a monitoring tool for effectiveness evaluation of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloro-ethane (DDT) and its metabolites (DDX), hexachlorbenzene (HCB) and isomers of hexachlocyklohexane (HCHs) have been monitored in the breast milk of nursing mothers in the Czech Republic since 1994 as a part of The Environmental Health Monitoring System. Knowledge about long-term POPs distribution and accumulation in the human body is crucial to understanding uptake, degradation and subsequent effects as well as to conduct risk assessments. The main aim of this study is to evaluate 15-years long-term trends of selected POPs in human milk in the Czech Republic and to elucidate the questionnaire information about the age, parity and social habits, to the final concentrations. This effectiveness evaluation of POPs restriction is quite precisely after 15-years monitoring campaigns.

Materials, methods and results

The human milk samples (4,753 samples) were analysed for a number of chlorinated organic chemicals including PCBs and selected chlorinated pesticides (OCPs, HCB, HCHs, DDX). The relative change of concentration per year for all chemicals was analysed. The remaining percentages of POPs in breast milk in comparison to 1994 are also expressed. Czech population half-lives of POPs in breast milk, derived from either linear or exponential models were computed.

Conclusions and perspectives

The long-term data indicates a continuation of a decreasing trend of POPs concentrations on breast milk. Our study did not confirm lactation and parity as an important outflux resulting in the decrease in concentrations in mothers, which is in the antagonism with most of the studies. The higher BMI was associated with higher amounts of HCB and lower amounts of higher chlorinated PCBs. The results confirm the effectiveness of restrictions of POPs usage in the Czech Republic. This ongoing long-term study is very useful tool for parametric effectiveness evaluation of Stockholm Convention.     

Extractability of elements in sugar maple xylem along a gradient of soil acidity

Dendrochemistry has been used for the historical dating of pollution. Its reliability is questionable due primarily to the radial mobility of elements in sapwood. In the present study, the extractability of seven elements was characterized to assess their suitability for the monitoring of environmental conditions. Nine mature sugar maple trees (Acer saccharum Marsh.), a wide-ranging species in eastern North America that has suffered decline in past decades, were sampled in three Quebec watersheds along a soil acidity gradient. Five-year groups of annual tree rings were treated by sequential chemical extractions using extractants of varying strength (deionized H2O, 0.05 M HCl, and concentrated HNO(3)) to selectively solubilize the elements into three fractions (water-soluble, acid-soluble, and residual). Monovalent K; divalent Ba, Ca, Cd, Mg, Mn; and trivalent Al cations were found mostly in the water-soluble, acid-soluble, and residual fractions, respectively. Forms more likely to be mobile within the tree (water-soluble and acid-soluble) do not seem to be suitable for temporal monitoring because of potential lateral redistribution in sapwood rings. However, certain elements (Cd, Mn) were responsive to current soil acidity and could be used in spatial variation monitoring. Extractability of Al varied according to soil acidity; at less acidic sites, up to 90% of Al was contained in the residual form, whereas on very acidic soils, as much as 45% was found in the water-soluble and acid-soluble fractions. Sequential extractions can be useful for determining specific forms of metals as key indicators of soil acidification.     

职业健康安全管理体系在工程项目中的应用

职业健康安全管理体系是当前比较先进的安全管理模式,很多企业取得了体系的认证。本文介绍了体系在工程项目管理中的应用,使得体系的运行与工程安全管理融为一体,促进安全管理水平的提高。