Temporal trends of contaminants in Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) from a small lake, southwest Greenland during a warming climate

Hg and legacy POPs were analysed in muscle tissue of a landlocked Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) population from a small lake in southwest Greenland. Hg concentrations were available for six years and OC concentrations for five years during the period 1994 to 2008. For two years, stable isotope values of nitrogen (δ(15)N) were analysed in muscle tissue in order to infer trophic effects. Hg, Σ10-PCB, ΣDDT and trans-nonachlor concentrations (OC on wet weight basis) showed an increase with increasing fish length, which had to be accounted for when assessing temporal trends. δ(15)N values had a narrow range, and there was no indication of increasing δ(15)N values with char length confirming the sampled char did not vary in trophic morphs as often seen in Arctic lakes. Length-adjusted Hg concentrations showed a significantly increasing trend during the period 1994 to 2008, while Σ10-PCB, ΣDDT, ΣHCH and trans-nonachlor showed a significantly decreasing trend when expressed on wet weight, and decreasing but not significantly when expressed on lipid weight. The reason for this was that the lipid content of muscle showed a significantly decreasing trend with time. The sum of mean monthly air temperature during May to August measured at a nearby meteorological station showed an increasing trend during the study period, and changing temperature conditions probably influenced the temporal trend of especially Hg concentrations and the lipid content.     

完善新时期城镇生活源水污染防控经济政策体系的建议

本文分析了城镇生活源水污染防控经济政策的基本现状和存在的主要问题,提出了健全新时期城镇生活源水污染防控经济政策的总体思路,从完善价格调节机制、加大财税政策支持力度、健全社会资本投入支持政策、创新金融支持政策、完善项目经济可行性评价和绩效后评估机制四个方面提出了健全城镇生活源水污染防控经济政策体系的措施内容.     

红壤溶磷菌的筛选及溶磷能力的比较

对不同利用方式下红壤的溶磷菌进行筛选,得到7株优势菌株,观察并测定了各初选菌株的菌落特征、生长速度及溶磷能力。结果表明,7株溶磷菌株的HD/CD值(溶磷圈直径HD与菌落直径CD的比值)范围在1.47~3.45之间,有效溶磷量在11.27~136.27 mg.L-1之间,均具有较强溶磷作用。其中,CY06菌株在固体培养条件下的HD/CD值和液体培养条件下的有效溶磷量均显著高于其他菌株,且该菌株对磷酸铝的有效溶磷量显著高于其他难溶磷酸盐,有望成为开发红壤高效微生物磷肥的优良微生物资源。     

危险废物焚烧灰渣熔融过程中重金属元素热力学平衡计算

熔融固化是目前危废焚烧灰渣处置的有效方法之一。为了能够有效地控制熔融过程中重金属元素的迁移,采用HSC Chemistry软件模拟研究了重金属元素As、Pb、Zn、Cu、Ni、Cr等在熔融过程中的物质变化历程,考察了不同气氛、温度、氯化物种类的影响。结果表明:在还原性气氛下,As、Pb几乎100%以As S(g)和Pb S(g)的形式挥发进入气相;Zn主要以气态金属挥发,1 500℃时90.8%的Zn进入气相;Cu、Ni、Cr与灰渣中的Fe2O3、Al2O3等形成不易挥发的化合物,几乎完全被熔渣固化。氧化性气氛有利于各重金属元素的固化,除46.47%的Pb以Pb Cl2(g)、Pb Cl(g)、Pb O(g)的形式挥发外,其余重金属元素均能被固溶在渣中。与灰渣中Na Cl相比,Ca Cl2不影响As、Cr的平衡形态分布,但能促进Pb、Zn、Cu、Ni以气态氯化物的形式挥发进入气相,不利于重金属元素的固化。     

利用废旧铅膏制备负极板的性能研究

源自铅酸电池回收的再生铅已成为世界铅产量的主要来源,铅酸电池生产也占据了世界铅消耗的80％以上,促进废旧铅膏的处理并直接用于电池的制作研究.采用“湿法脱硫-煅烧”的技术路线处理负极铅膏得到氧化铅.考察了回收铅粉的理化特性,并依据其固有特性,优化了负极板的和膏、固化、化成工艺.得到的样品电池展现出与传统球磨铅粉同样优异的性能.     

PCDD/PCDF, dl-PCB and PBDE serum levels of Slovak general population

Blood serum specimens from 81 non-occupationally exposed adults residing in four areas close to municipal and waste incinerators as well as metallurgical industry plant and 44 adult subjects coming from control area of Slovakia were analysed for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) and polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs). The concentration of total WHO(98)TEQ PCDD/F/dl-PCBs in whole group of donors from areas where known sources causing dioxin contamination are present was significantly higher than in control group of donors (p<0.001). Correlation between the age of donors and PCDD/F and dl-PCB levels was confirmed (Spearman's r(PCDD/Fs)=0.543, r(dl-PCBs)=0.521, p<0.001). Furthermore, this study presents first results concerning the PBDE congeners in human serum of Slovak general population. The total concentration (congeners 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183) in control group was approximately 1.5-times higher in comparison to that of residents coming from areas with supposed environmental pollution. The most abundant congeners in all samples were BDE-47 and BDE-153 with median values of 0.24 ng g(-1) lipid and 0.23ngg(-1) lipid, respectively. The positive association between PBDE values and age of donors was not found.     

天山北坡城市群碳储量时空变化及预测研究

为了有效评估城市群碳储量变化,以天山北坡城市群为研究对象,运用PLUS模型和InVEST模型,动态评估2000～2020年及2030年不同情景下土地利用变化及碳储量变化特征.结果表明,2000～2020年天山北坡城市群碳储量呈现持续增加趋势,且碳储量变化与土地利用变化密切相关,主要表现为2000～2010年林地面积的减少导致其碳储量减少约266×106t,2010～2020年草地面积的增加使其碳储量增加约69.14×10⁶t.2030年自然发展情景、生态保护情景和经济快速发展情景下碳储量预测值分别为8875.88×10⁶t、8895.58×10⁶t和8841.58×10⁶t;经济快速发展情景下碳储量最低,生态保护情景下碳储量最高.土地利用是影响碳储量空间变化分布的第一主导因素,贡献率接近于90%,土地利用强度与碳储量协调性分析与两者双变量空间自相关分析进一步验证了这一结论.土地利用变化在一定程度上能够对碳储量产生积极影响,对于本研究区而言,生态保护发展情景可能更符合未来城市发展模式,研究结果能够为土...     

浅议烟花爆竹安全培训中存在的问题与对策

我国是烟花爆竹的生产大国,现有在册登记的生产企业6000多家,从业人员100万人,遍布全国各地,各类烟花品种3600多种,产值150多亿元人民币,产量占世界总量的80%以上,是世界上最大的出口国.     

Temporal trend of mercury in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from Svalbard using teeth as a biomonitoring tissue

We examined the use of mercury (Hg) and nitrogen and carbon stable isotopes in teeth of polar bear (Ursus maritimus) from Svalbard as biotracers of temporal changes in Hg pollution exposure between 1964 and 2003. Teeth were regarded as a good matrix of the Hg exposure, and in total 87 teeth of polar bears were analysed. Dental Hg levels ranged from 0.6 to 72.3 ng g(-1) dry weight and increased with age during the first 10 years of life. A decreasing time trend in Hg concentrations was observed over the recent four decades while no temporal changes were found in the stable isotope ratios of nitrogen (δ(15)N) and carbon (δ(13)C). This suggests that the decrease of Hg concentrations over time was more likely due to a lower environmental Hg exposure in this region rather than a shift in the feeding habits of Svalbard polar bears.     

新疆和田地区土地荒漠化时空特征分析

以干旱区土地荒漠化防治和生态环境修复为目的,对新疆和田地区土地荒漠化时空演变过程进行研究。基于RS和GIS技术,利用和田地区MODIS13Q1-NDVI遥感数据,以植被覆盖度作为荒漠化评价指标,对和田地区2000—2018年土地荒漠化时空变化特征进行分析。结果表明:(1)研究区植被覆盖度呈减少趋势的区域面积占总面积的0.38%,其中极显著减少区域面积占0.10%,显著减少区域面积占0.28%;植被覆盖度呈增长趋势的区域面积占12.88%,其中极显著增长区域面积仅占1.10%,显著增长区域面积占11.78%。(2)2006—2012年重度荒漠化区面积呈减少趋势,2012—2018年呈增加趋势,总体以年均0.59%的速率递增;中度荒漠化区面积呈减少趋势,平均每年以1.43%的速率减少,而轻度和非荒漠化区面积一直保持增加趋势,年均增速分别为2.19%和3.70%。(3)由面积转移矩阵可知,近20 a来,研究区土地类型未发生变化的面积为19.841×10~4 km~2,非荒漠化区转移面积最少,中度荒漠化区转移面积相对较多。由于气温、降水和人类活动等因素的影响,近20 a来和田地区重度荒漠化区面积略有增长,轻度和非荒漠化区面积增加显著。