金属矿物学中光性数据的测定和应用

<正> 现今人们理解定量矿相学的意义是,用光学方法在反射光下精确测定那些对矿物鉴定来说十分重要的数据。这就是反射率、显微硬度和色度以及折射率(n),吸收系数(k)和吸收指数(x)。 反射率的测定可以追溯到Orcel(1937)时代,他第一次用光电池方法测定金属矿物的反射率。这一     

生物炭添加和灌溉对温室番茄地土壤反硝化损失的影响

生物炭添加和灌溉是番茄地常用的田间管理措施,然而其对反硝化的影响还不清楚.本研究种植试验设置3个灌溉量水平分别为估算作物生育期需水量ET0的50%(W50%)、75%(W75%)、100%(W100%)和3个生物炭添加水平分别为B0(折合纯碳,0)、B25(折合纯碳,25 t·hm-2)、B50(折合纯碳,50 t·hm-2),在2014年和2015年番茄收获后,每个试验小区采集具有代表性的土样进行室内培养试验,采用乙炔抑制法来研究土壤的反硝化损失和不加乙炔研究N_2O的排放量.结果表明生物炭和灌溉量显著改变了土壤的理化性质.与B0相比,添加生物炭能够提高土壤全碳、全氮含量和pH值,降低铵态氮、硝态氮含量,而灌水量降低了土壤中全氮和全碳的含量.因此,与B0/W50%相比,B25/W75%和B50/W100%处理显著减少了反硝化损失量(P0.05).生物炭和灌溉量的交互作用对土壤无机氮含量和反硝化损失的影响均达到显著水平(P0.05),且对硝态氮的影响表现为灌溉量生物炭添加量两者交互作用,对铵态氮的影响表现为生物炭添加量灌溉量两者交互作用,对反硝化损失的影响表现为灌溉量生物炭添加量两者交互作用.反硝化损失量与土壤中无机氮含量、(CO_2-C)矿化量与N_2O排放量均呈正相关关系.不同生物炭添加量和灌溉量处理后明显影响了N_2O/DN(P0.05),培养结束时,各处理下的N_2O累积排放量/DN累积排放量差异较大,介于0.31%~1.88%.     

北京市大气PM2.5中矿物成分的污染特征

为了解北京市大气细粒子中矿物成分的浓度水平和污染特征,在清华园和车公庄进行了连续1a的PM_2.5累积周采样和全样品分析.Al、Si、Ca、Mg和Fe等地壳元素的周变化相似,最大周均浓度均出现在春季有强沙尘天气的一周;其季节变化显著,显示季节性的源排放以及气象条件对矿物成分的含量影响显著.土壤尘的季节平均浓度从夏季逐步上升,至次年春季达到最高(21.1 μg·m^-3),表明春季频繁发生的沙尘天气对土壤尘细粒子有重要贡献.大量的建筑活动可能大大增加了北京细粒子中Ca的负荷,应加强其排放控制.     

Comparative mammalian cell cytotoxicity of wastewater with elevated bromide and iodide after chlorination, chloramination, or ozonation

Recycling wastewater is becoming more common as communities around the world try to better control their water resources against an increased frequency of either prolonged droughts or intense flooding. For communities in coastal areas, wastewaters may contain elevated levels of bromide(Br~-) and iodide(I~-) from seawater intrusion or high mineral content of source waters. Disinfection of such wastewater is mandatory to prevent the spread of pathogens, however little is known about the toxicity of wastewater after disinfection in the presence of Br~-and I~-. In this study we compared the induction of chronic cytotoxicity in mammalian cells in samples of municipal secondary wastewater effluent amended with elevated levels of Br~-/I~-after disinfection by chlorine, chloramines or ozone to identify which disinfection process generated wastewater with the lowest level of adverse biological response. Chlorination increased mammalian cell cytotoxicity by 5times as compared to non-disinfected controls. Chloramination produced disinfected wastewater that expressed 6.3 times more cytotoxicity than the non-disinfected controls and was 1.3 times more cytotoxic than the chlorinated samples. Ozonation produced wastewater with cytotoxicity comparable to the non-disinfected controls and was at least 4times less cytotoxic than the chlorine disinfected wastewaters. These results indicate that compared to chlorination and chloramination, ozonation of wastewater with high Br~-/Ilevels yielded the lowest mammalian cell cytotoxicity, suggesting its potential as a more favorable method to disinfect wastewater with minimizing the biological toxicity in mind.     

活性氮和世界:200年的变化

本文通过将19世纪后期和20世纪后期的氮流动情况进行对比,分析了食物和能源生产对全球氮循环的影响.我们虽然对人类产生的活性氮的数量及其释放到环境所产生的主要影响有了充分的认识,但是,我们对于环境库中氮的累积速度缺乏了解,由于积累在环境中的氮具有阶式效应,因此,对其在环境中的积累尚有不明之处.未来活性氮的产生、分布状况及其形成速度增加的可能性(尤其是在亚洲)存在巨大的区域性差异,因而需要制定"总活性氮措施",以优化食物和能源生产,保护环境系统.     

Effect of substituents in hydroxyl radical-mediated degradation of azo pyridone dyes: Theoretical approaches on the reaction mechanism

Understanding the degradation behavior of azo dyes in photocatalytic wastewater treatment is of fundamental and practical importance for their application in textile-processing and other coloration industries. In this study, quantum chemistry, as density functional theory, was used to elucidate different degradation pathways of azo pyridone dyes in a hydroxyl radical (HO^?)-initiated photocatalytic system. A series of substituted azo pyridone dyes were synthesized by changing the substituent group in the para position of the benzene moiety, ranging from strong electron-donating to strong electron-withdrawing groups. The effect of dye molecular structure on the photocatalytic degradation reaction mechanism was analyzed and quantification of substituent effects on the thermodynamic and kinetics parameters was performed. Potential energy surface analysis revealed the most susceptible reaction site for the HO^? attack. The calculated reaction barriers are found to be strongly affected by the nature of substituent group with a good correlation using Hammett σ_p constants and experimentally determined reaction rates. The stability of pre-reaction complexes and transition state complexes were analyzed applying the distortion-interaction model. The increased stability of the transition state complexes with the distancing from the substituent group has been established.     

固定化混合菌修复油污染地表水的研究

从辽河油田受石油污染的河床底泥中筛选出一株芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp.)和一株黄杆菌(Flavobacterium sp.),采用二次交联化学方法对2株细菌单独及混合固定,分别进行了不同接种量的固定化细菌对油的降解,以及固定化混合菌对环境的耐受性和在自然地表水中对油的降解进行研究,结果表明,在相同时间内固定化混合菌对油的降解效果明显优于固定化单株菌,而且都优于游离菌。固定化混合菌pH在6～10、温度在20～40℃范围内能保持较好的活性。在120 h时,固定化混合菌对自然地表水中油的降解率达94.5%,对地表水中COD的去除率达89.6%。扫描电子显微镜分析显示,固定化载体的微观结构适合细菌的生长,固定化混合菌在载体内部形成高密度的菌群。以上的研究为固定化微生物应用于油污染地表水的生物修复提供了一定的理论基础。     

三峡库区水华优势藻类生长动力学的普适性研究

从蓝绿藻中选取绿藻门的普通小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris,CV藻)为研究对象,应用Monod方程考察氮、磷营养盐对CV藻生长的影响,分别计算出CV藻对TP、TN的半饱和常数KSP和KSN结果表明KSN>>KSP,说明TP对CV藻生长的影响明显大于TN.CV藻生长速率对磷质量浓度反应很灵敏:与空白值相比,在0.002 mg·L-1的低浓度下u就有提高,而浓度到0.2 mg.L-1时,u明显增大;但在0.000-0.050 mg·L-1氮浓度范围内u几乎没有变化.通过系统比较CV藻与优势蓝绿藻,甚至海水藻的生长动力学特征,探讨了CV藻与其它蓝绿藻的动力学普适性和共同性,证实这些藻类都具有非常类似的生长动力学和生态学特征.因此,推测CV藻生长动力学模型可以从整体上反映和代表库区优势蓝绿藻的生长行为.同时分析和归纳了蓝绿藻生长模型的相似性和规律性,得出三峡库区优势藻类生长行为存在普遍一致性的初步结论.     

Indoor and outdoor BTX levels in Barcelona City metropolitan area and Catalan rural areas

Five aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, and three isomeric xylenes) were monitored in indoor and outdoor air of 7 public buildings and 54 private homes, located in Barcelona City metropolitan area and in several rural areas of Catalonia. The sampling was carried out over four periods: spring-summer and winter of 2000, and summer and winter of 2001. Passive ORSA 5 Dra¨ger samplers were used for benzene, toluene, and xylenes (BTX) adsorption. BTX were extracted with carbon disulphide and analysed using ...     

Numerical study on the ozone formation inside street canyons using a chemistry box model

Tropospheric ozone is a secondary air pollutant produced in the presence of nitrogen oxides (NO_x),volatile organic compounds (VOCs),and solar radiation.In an urban environment,ground-level vehicular exhaust is the major anthropogenic source of ozone precursors.In the cases of street canyons,pollutant dilution is weakened by the surrounding buildings that creates localized high concentration of NO_x and VOCs,and thus leads to high potential of ozone formation.By considering the major physical and chemica...