浅谈我国环境影响评价制度建设缺陷

由于环境影响评价制度的不完善制约着环境保护与经济、社会的协调发展,本文详细分析了我国环境影响评价制度建设中的问题,提出了如何健全这一制度,此不仅关系到环境影响评价工作的时效性,而且影响社会可持续发展目标的实现.     

云南省少数民族传统文化与公众环境教育研究

环境教育是全民教育,全程教育和终身教育,公众的环境教育是建立和谐社会的重要任务.具体来讲,它是形成文明社会的公众教育基础之一.     

生态旅游:我们准备好了吗?

近几年来,作为一种新兴的旅游形式,生态旅游在我国可谓方兴未艾,回归大自然逐渐成为一种时尚。“五·一”放长假期间,各地纷纷打出“生态旅游”的招牌吸引游人。但由于一些旅游开发项目缺少科学的规划与管理,也出现旅游开发到哪里,污染与破坏就带到哪里的苗头。生态旅游开发对于自然环境的破坏主要集中在以下几个方面:第一,由于规划开发不当造成的生态系统破坏;第二,游客过度进入超过环境承载力造成破坏;第三,消费者进入以后产生的垃圾污染没有得到很好的回收和管理而造成的破坏。据我国人与生物圈国家委员会的一份调查资料显示:一些自然保…     

小断面机掘工作面除尘技术的研究

1 前言 随着煤矿机械化程度的提高,高效、大功率掘进机的使用,机械化掘进工作面的粉尘产生量急剧增加。掘进机工作时产生的大量粉尘弥漫整个工作面,粉尘浓度最高可达1～2g/m~3。高浓度的粉尘严重影响矿工的身体健康,威胁矿井安全。我国机掘断面在10m~2以下的较多,采用一些国内外的大型除尘系统,     

职业适应性测试评价及应用

前言 随着科技的进步,经济的发展,工业自动化程度越来越高,人机系统越来越复杂,一方面虽然减轻了作业者的体力劳动负荷,但也增加了作业者的心理负荷,另一方面对作业者提出了新的和更高的要求。不同的职业(工种或岗位)具有不同的作业性质和特点,例如,我国“八五”科技攻关项目就将涉及重大危险装置操作的100多个工种划分     

Design and validation of a practical index for trauma assessment

In the past 20 years a variety of indices have been suggested for measuring the severity of trauma, however none of them meets the requirement of being a simple and objective instrument that can be utilized efficiently by lay persons and providers of health services without previous experience in triaging. A new system has been proposed which meets this requirement and which has been validated with 197 injured persons at the emergency ward of the Valle University Hospital in Call, Colombia. The instrument showed a high level of concordance with the conventional triaging method and classifies victims into four categories: critical with recovery unlikely, critical but recoverable, moderately serious, and ambulatory. There is discussion on the reliability of this instrument and it is recommended that it be validated with victims from larger disasters. Regardless, it has the advantage of being specific and free of the subjectivity that characterizes other indices.     

The role of socio-economic data in food needs assessment and monitoring

This paper reviews six case studies examined as part of a project to review targetting methodologies employed by non-government organisations in Africa during the 1984-6 food crisis. Most agencies have not yet fully evaluated the role of data in informing policy decisions during their respective emergency programmes. The case studies presented reflect a wide variety of approaches to targetting emergency food aid that are based largely on the use of 'socio-economic' data. The recent emergency relief operations in Africa seem to indicate a change in relief agencies' approaches to the assessment and monitoring of needs of the affected populations. Earlier dependance on nutritional data has given way to an increasing reliance on the use of socio-economic indicators. There was a wide variation in the case studies of the type of indicators collected and utilised in needs assessment and monitoring. There were those who relied almost exclusively on nutritional data to target resources during the 1984-86 African crisis, and others whose experiences during that period lead them to attach more weight to socio-economic data. Other agencies appear to have recognised the problems of relying solely on nutritional data to target food aid during their 1984–86 emergency programmes, and thus more or less abandoned classical anthropometric surveys in their needs assessment and monitoring methodologies during this period. Thus nutritional data has a less significant role in the decision making process than previously had been the case.     

北麂山列岛海域赤潮的初步研究

本文首次报导了国家海洋自然保护区浙江省南麂山列岛及其邻近北麂山列岛海域(121°11’55"E.27°36’54"N)1991年6月间发生的赤潮。该赤潮发生在高温(25.38℃)低盐(28.79)海域;赤潮生物是海洋原甲藻(Prorocentrum micans Ehrenb.),主要聚集在上、表层,最大密度达7.61×109个/m3,占浮游植物细胞总密度的94.56％;辛普森生物多样性指数为0.046;未发现有发光,死鱼等现象。建议在北麂山列岛设立季节性监测站,对南、北麂山列岛海域赤潮进行监测、分析.以利于进一步保护、开发、利用这一片国家海洋自然保护区。     

Factors affecting trace-metal bioaccumulation in Finnish headwater lakes

Fourteen unpolluted Finnish headwater lakes with pH values varying from 4.8 to 7.0 were studied for trace-metal concentrations in water, sediment, aquatic plants (Nuphar luteum L., Sparganium sp.), aquatic insect larvae (Limnophilus sp., Phryganea sp.) and fish (Esox lucius L., Perca fluviatilis L., Coregonus sp., Salvelinus fontinalis L., Salmo trutta L.). Trace-metal deposition was estimated by analysing the snowpack. Non-parametric correlation analysis was carried out between trace metal concentrations in biota and pH, ANC, TOC, CA + Mg concentration in water and a given metal concentration in water and sediment. Bioaccumulation of several trace metals increased with increasing acidity and decreasing ANC in water. This was especially true for Pb and Cd. Aquatic plants were, in general, the best indicator group concerning differences in trace-metal bioaccumulation in lakes with different acidity. There was some evidence that a higher concentration of TOC in water may reduce bioaccumulation of Pb, Cd and Zn in aquatic plants and fish. The copper concentration in sediment was the only background variable explaining Cu concentration in aquatic insects. Multivariate analysis of the whole background data gave comparable preliminary results. Over 80% of the trace metal concentrations in biota of different lakes was explained by the background variables. In general, elevated concentrations of most of these trace metals can be expected to occur in the biota of acidified low calcareous lakes.     

A review of the likely causal pathways relating the reduced density of breeding dippers Cinclus cinclus to the acidification of upland streams

Previous work has shown that the breeding density of a bird characteristic of upland streams, the dipper Cinclus cinclus, is markedly reduced at low pH in both Wales and Scotland. Populations also declined when streams became more acidic. Evidence of causal explanation for these relationships is that: (1) Food quantity is reduced in acidic streams, and important prey, including those rich in calcium, are scarce; (2) Blood chemistry in pre-breeding birds differs between acid and circumneutral streams, with plasma calcium reduced in those breeding at low pH. Skeletal sources of calcium are probably limited; (3) The time spent foraging by pre-breeding birds on acidic streams is markedly increased, even though overall energy costs on acidic and circumneutral streams are similar. Body condition is inferior to birds on circumneutral streams; (4) Egg laying is significantly delayed on acidic streams irrespective of an effect on laying of altitude, and clutch and brood sizes are significantly reduced; (5) Eggs are lighter and shells thinner at low pH; (6) Chick growth is reduced at low pH; (7) Contamination by heavy metals and persistent organochlorines is low in the populations on acidic streams and cannot explain the impaired breeding performance. None of these features can exclude the possibilities that acidic streams either hold populations of poor quality birds, which show the above features, or that acidity affects the breeding ecology of all dippers that attempt to breed at low pH. The qualitative outcome of these two alternatives is identical.