用气体体积分析法快速测定沉积物中的方解石和白云石

引言 佛罗伦萨和帕多瓦矿物研究所在开展威尼斯河砂的研究过程中提出了定量测定碳酸盐问题。由于在一些河流中方解石和白云石在各种粒级关系上的变化特别大,故在已知分析方法中选出一种适于不同粒度的方法是很方便的。根据这个要求对细粒沉积物不能利用差示显色法。 另一方面,矿物种类很多,不能使用某些一般的分析方法(如方解石和菱镁矿的滴定法)。 这里列举了碳酸盐测定的已知方法并说明了多种矿物混在一起时测定真实性有限的原因。     

华锡集团河池冶金化工厂从废渣中回收金属

日前 ,华锡集团河池冶金化工厂成功地从转前渣 (铅锑综合渣 )中回收金属铜和铋 ,解决了困扰该厂多年的铅锑综合产品杂质含量高的技术难题。河冶厂现已建成了一座年产铅锑综合产量1 50 0 0吨的冶炼工艺流程。过去由于生产技术落后 ,对含有大量金属铜 (品位 3 %～ 5% )和铋 (品位 3 %～ 4% )的转前渣无法进行回收。今年 ,河冶厂成立了新产品开发办 ,抽出精干的技术人员进行科技攻关 ,使铜、铋开路 (分别回收 )试验获得成功 ,降低了铅锑产品中铜铋的金属含量 ,提高了产品质量。铜铋炉窑投产后 ,年铜产品产量达到 3 0吨 ,铋 1 2吨 ,直接创造经济…     

指导环保事业发展的纲领性文件

在"十一五"即将起步之时,在全面建设小康社会的关键时期,国务院发布了<关于落实科学发展观加强环境保护的决定>(以下简称<决定>),这是深入贯彻十六届五中全会精神,落实科学发展观,构建社会主义和谐社会,指导我国经济、社会与环境协调发展的一份纲领性文件.深入学习贯彻<决定>,对于广泛调动全社会力量,加快推进环保事业发展,实现全面建设小康社会的宏伟目标将产生巨大的推动作用.     

工业废水AO循环曝气工艺脱氨的理论模型研究

生物流化床处理污水的研究和应用始于20世纪70年代的美国。我国对生物流化床的研究始于70年代末。进入80年代后,我国己建成了不少中小型的生物流化床装置并投入生产,其中除电镀废水以外,也包括对印染、冶金、炼油、制药等废水处理。本实验采用将悬浮填料生物流化床工艺和同步硝化反硝化技术相结合,提出一种曝气推动频繁交替A/O工艺脱氮的设计思路并通过实验研究进行分析建立水力停留时间和曝气量的理论模型,为实践过程中有效调控起到重要作用。     

建立环境素质评估指标体系提高公众环境素质

环境素质的内涵 环境素质( Environmental Literacy)的概念兴起于20世纪60年代后期.1968年美国学者Charles E.Roth提出了"环境素质"这一个概念,并认为通过加强环境教育,培育具有环境素质的公民,是解决人类面临的生态困境的基础.1970年,美国总统尼克松在美国环境质量委员会的年度报告中,以"环境素质"为题,阐述了环境素养的重要性.     

Perfluorinated chemicals in blood of residents in Catalonia (Spain) in relation to age and gender: a pilot study

Fluorinated organic compounds (FOCs) are a group of chemicals widely used as surfactants, lubricants, polymers, and fire-fighting foams. Recent studies have shown the ubiquitous distribution of FOCs in the environment, wildlife, and humans. We here report the results of a pilot study conducted to provide preliminary data on the levels of 13 FOCs in the blood of 48 residents in Catalonia, Spain, in relation to gender and age (25+/-5 and 55+/-5 years). The highest mean concentration was obtained for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS, 7.64 ng/ml), followed by perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS, 3.56 ng/ml) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA, 1.80 ng/ml). Four other FOCs showed mean levels between 0.30 and 0.44 ng/ml, whereas those of the remaining 6 compounds were below the detection limit. Regarding gender, the blood levels of PFHxS and PFOA were significantly higher (p<0.05) in men than in women, while differences according to age were only noted for PFHxS (p<0.05) and perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA) (p<0.001), for which the levels were higher in the younger (25+/-5 years) group of subjects. A significant correlation between PFOS levels and those of the remaining detected FOCs (except PFDA) was found. In general terms, the current FOC concentrations were lower than those found in recent studies concerning levels of these chemicals in human blood and serum of subjects from different countries.     

基于激光测风雷达的西安重污染天气过程特征指标

选取西安两次重污染天气,结合第十四届全国运动会、第十一届残运会暨第八届特奥会气象保障新建激光测风雷达数据产品研发应用,总结形成对西安重污染天气预警服务有良好参考意义的特征指标。结果表明:重污染天气发生前48 h,500 hPa上新疆至陕西一带盛行一致偏西气流,700 hPa上陕西中南部受槽前西南气流影响,-20℃等温线在40°N以北,850 hPa上-8℃等温线在关中35°N以北,西安站3 km以下存在多层逆温,温度垂直递减率小于3 ℃/km。重污染天气转为优良天气时,500 hPa上贝加尔湖一带低槽东移南压,40°N、110°E附近明显冷平流或温度锋区迅速南移影响河套至陕北,700 hPa上35°~40°N、110°E附近南移锋区经向温度梯度增至10 ℃/500 km,-20℃等温线南压至陕北北部,850 hPa上-8℃等温线移至关中南部,锋区向南移动影响陕西大部,延安、西安一带偏西南风转为偏北风,西安站3 km以下多层逆温减弱、消失,温度递减率增至5 ℃/km以上,低层过程降温超过8℃。研发的激光测风雷达产品提供了时空高分辨的近地层风场监测信息:重污染发生发展时,2 km以下各层风速小于6 m/s、维持弱下沉运动;重污染天气消散、转为优良天气时,2 km以下部分层次风速由8 m/s增至10 m/s以上,上升运动趋势与分钟尺度内波动振荡明显加强。     

Degradation and plant uptake of nonylphenol (NP) and nonylphenol-12-ethoxylate (NP12EO) in four contrasting agricultural soils

Nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPEOs) are surfactants found ubiquitously in the environment due to widespread industrial and domestic use. Biodegradation of NPEOs produces nonylphenol (NP), an endocrine disruptor. Sewage sludge application introduces NPEOs and NP into soils, potentially leading to accumulation in soils and crops. We examined degradation of NP and nonylphenol-12-ethoxylate (NP12EO) in four soils. NP12EO degraded rapidly (initial half time 0.3-5 days). Concentrations became undetectable within 70-90 days, with a small increase in NP concentrations after 30 days. NP initially degraded quickly (mean half time 11.5 days), but in three soils a recalcitrant fraction of 26-35% remained: the non-degrading fraction may consist of branched isomers, resistant to biodegradation. Uptake of NP by bean plants was also examined. Mean bioconcentration factors for shoots and seeds were 0.71 and 0.58, respectively. Removal of NP from the soil by plant uptake was negligible (0.01-0.02% of initial NP). Root concentrations were substantially higher than shoot and seed concentrations.     

Monitoring contaminants from oil production at sea by measuring gill EROD activity in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)

An ex vivo gill EROD assay was applied in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) as a biomarker for waterborne CYP1A-inducing compounds derived from oil production at sea. Exposure to nominal concentrations of 1 ppm or 10 ppm North Sea crude oil in a static water system for 24 h caused a concentration-dependent gill EROD induction. Further, exposure of cod for 14 days to environmentally relevant concentrations of produced water (PW, diluted 1:200 or 1:1000) from a platform in the North Sea using a flow-through system resulted in a concentration-dependent induction of gill EROD. Crude oil (0.2 ppm) from the same oil field also proved to induce EROD. Finally, gill EROD activity in cod caged for 6 weeks at 500-10 000 m from two platforms outside Norway was measured. The activities in these fish were very low and did not differ from those in fish caged at reference sites.     

Levels of perfluorochemicals in water samples from Catalonia,Spain: is drinking water a significant contribution to human exposure?

Background, aim, and scope  In recent years, due to a high persistence, biomagnification in food webs, presence in remote regions, and potential toxicity, perfluorochemicals (PFCs) have generated a considerable interest. The present study was aimed to determine the levels of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and other PFCs in drinking water (tap and bottled) and river water samples from Tarragona Province (Catalonia, Spain). Materials and methods  Municipal drinking (tap) water samples were collected from the four most populated towns in the Tarragona Province, whereas samples of bottled waters were purchased from supermarkets. River water samples were collected from the Ebro (two samples), Cortiella, and Francolí Rivers. After pretreatment, PFC analyses were performed by HPLC-MS. Quantification was done using the internal standard method, with recoveries between 68% and 118%. Results  In tap water, PFOS and PFOA levels ranged between 0.39 and 0.87 ng/L (0.78 and 1.74 pmol/L) and between 0.32 and 6.28 ng/L (0.77 and 15.2 pmol/L), respectively. PFHpA, PFHxS, and PFNA were also other detected PFCs. PFC levels were notably lower in bottled water, where PFOS could not be detected in any sample. Moreover, PFHpA, PFHxS, PFOA, PFNA, PFOS, PFOSA, and PFDA could be detected in the river water samples. PFOS and PFOA concentrations were between <0.24 and 5.88 ng/L (<0.48 and 11.8 pmol/L) and between <0.22 and 24.9 ng/L (<0.53 and 60.1 pmol/L), respectively. Discussion  Assuming a human water consumption of 2 L per day, the daily intake of PFOS and PFOA by the population of the area under evaluation was calculated (0.78–1.74 and 12.6 ng, respectively). It was found that drinking water might be a source of exposure to PFCs as important as the dietary intake of these pollutants. Conclusions  The contribution of drinking water (tap and bottled) to the human daily intake of various PFCs has been compared for the first time with data from dietary intake of these PFCs. It was noted that in certain cases, drinking water can be a source of exposure to PFCs as important as the dietary intake of these pollutants although the current concentrations were similar or lower than those reported in the literature for surface water samples from a number of regions and countries. Recommendations and perspectives  Further studies should be carried out in order to increase the knowledge of the role of drinking water in human exposure to PFCs.