基于rDNA ITS和ISSR标记研究四川松茸遗传多样性

松茸是一种珍贵的食药用菌,至今无法人工栽培.为更好地开发利用松茸资源,以采自四川小金、雅江、木里等7个县的24株不同生境的野生松茸子实体为材料,采用ISSR(Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat)分子标记及rDNA ITS序列分析的方法研究这些菌株的遗传资源及多样性.从15条ISSR引物中筛选出2条多态性较好的引物对所有菌株进行了扩增,所得条带表明,在松茸中存在一定的遗传多样性;亲缘关系树状图表明,来自木里、会东、小金的大部分松茸样品聚为一个类群,而雅江、盐源、盐边、冕宁的为另一类群,呈现一定的地理分化现象.通过对各菌株rDNA ITS序列分析表明,松茸菌株间的ITS序列相似性很高.同时系统进化树表明四川松茸(Tricholoma matsutake)与美洲口蘑(T.magnivelare)同源关系较近,与欧洲口蘑(T.caligatum)距离较远,这与报道的形态学分类结果并不一致.本研究表明四川松茸蕴含丰富的遗传信息.图4表4参16     

等离子体烟气脱硫脱硝工业试验装置

介绍等离子体烟气脱硫脱硝技术原理及发展现状,等离子体烟气脱硫硝工业试验装置的工艺流程、技术参数及了调节系统、加速器辐照处理系统、脉冲电晕放电处理系统等。     

聚硅铝系列絮凝剂的制备表征及其应

制备了聚硅铝系列絮凝剂,利用透射电镜(TEM)和准弹性激光散射(PCS)进行了粒径分布和结构表征,发现聚硅铝系絮凝剂具有与硫酸铝和聚合氯化铝不同的结构形态,聚硅硫酸铝(PASS)聚集体之间的距离与颗粒直径成线性关系.通过对原水的混凝处理对比,发现聚硅铝絮凝剂在降低浊度、去除有机物和某些元素方面具有显著优势.其中PASM和PASFⅢ对重金属和放射性元素的去除效果最好,尤其是经PASFⅢ处理后水中残留铝的去除率为15.3%,解决了使用铝盐增高铝含量的难题.经济分析也表明聚硅铝系絮凝剂价格低廉,具有良好的应用前景.     

The Decision Analysis Interview Approach in the Collaborative Management of a Large Regulated Water Course

There are always conflicting goals in the management of large water courses. However, by involving stakeholders actively in the planning and decision-making processes, it is possible to work together toward commonly acceptable solutions. In this article, we describe how we applied interactive multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) in a collaborative process which aimed at an ecologically, socially, and economically sustainable water course regulation policy. The stakeholders' opinions about the alternative regulation schemes and the relative importance of their impacts were elicited with the HIPRE software. Altogether, 20 personal interactive decision analysis interviews (DAIs) were carried out with the stakeholders. Our experience suggests that the DAIs can considerably improve the quality and efficiency of the collaborative planning process. By improving communication and understanding of the decision situation in the steering group, the approach helped to develop a consensus solution in a case having strong conflicts of interest. In order to gain the full benefits of the MCDA approach, interactive preference elicitation is vital. It is also essential to integrate the approach tightly into the planning and decision-making process. The project's home pages are available to the public at http://www.paijanne.hut.fi/.     

阴阳树脂比例对电去离子处理镍废水的影响

采用一级两段的混床EDI膜堆,模拟了Ni2+电镀废水为处理对象,考察了膜反应器在树脂比例的膜堆废水出水水质的影响。实验结果表明,在处理原水进水流量为20L/h、含Ni2+约52mg/L的NiSO4溶液时,随着阴/阳树脂比例的增加,膜堆废水内部水解离加剧,发生沉淀现象,废水出水pH值增高;当阴/阳树脂比例为2:3时处理效果最佳,废水中Ni2+离子的浓度降至0.6mg/L,去除率达到97.9%,不发生结垢现象。     

A rapid method for screening of the Stockholm Convention POPs in small amounts of human plasma using SPE and HRGC/HRMS

A rapid analytical screening method allowing simultaneous analysis of 23 persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in human plasma was developed. Sample preparation based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) with additional clean-up using small multilayer silica gel columns. SPE was performed using a custom made polystyrene-divinylbenzene sorbent for the extraction of chlorinated and brominated POPs. Special efforts to reduce sample volume and improve speed and efficiency of the analytical procedure were made. Determination of 16 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 5 organochlorine (OC) pesticides, octachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) and polybrominated diphenyl ether (BDE #47) in 0.5 mL human plasma was performed by using high resolution gas chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). Recovery of POPs ranged between 46% and 110%, and reproducibility was below 25% relative standard deviation (RSD) for all target compounds, except for trans-nonachlor and OCDD, which were present only at low levels. Limits of detection (LOD) were for the PCBs between 0.8 and 117.7 pg mL⁻¹ plasma and for the OC pesticides between 5.9 and 89.1 pg mL⁻¹ plasma. The LOD for OCDD and BDE #47 were 1.4 pg mL⁻¹ plasma, and 9.2 pg mL⁻¹ plasma, respectively. The presented method was successfully applied to 1016 human plasma samples from an epidemiological study on cardiovascular disease.     

Synthesis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers via symmetrical tetra- and hexabrominated diphenyliodonium salts

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) which have become widespread environmental pollutants due to their persistence and bioaccumulativeness. Pure authentic PBDE congeners are required for chemical analysis, assessments of their chemical/physical properties and toxicological studies. We here report an improved method for synthesis of authentic PBDE congeners applying bromophenols and symmetrical brominated diphenyliodonium salts as building blocks. Altogether, 13 PBDEs were synthesized of which seven are new. The improved coupling reaction between the bromophenol and the brominated diphenyliodonium salts resulted in enhanced yields for PBDEs substituted with more than six bromine atoms. Also, improvements in iodonium salt synthesis made it possible to synthesize symmetrical hexabromodiphenyliodonium salts for the first time, i.e. 2,2',3,3',4,4'-, 2,2',4,4',5,5'- and 2,2',4,4',6,6'-hexabromodiphenyliodonium salts and they made it possible to prepare octabrominated PBDEs via the actual coupling method. All synthesized compounds were characterized by (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR spectra and by their melting points. Also, all products except for the diphenyliodonium salts were characterized by mass spectra in electron ionization mode.