SDS和PVP强化生物淋溶锰渣的性能

在生物淋溶锰渣的过程中,设置一系列浓度梯度(0～100 mg/L)的离子型表面活性剂SDS(十二烷基硫酸钠)和非离子型表面活性剂PVP(聚乙烯吡咯烷酮),研究两种活性剂对硫杆菌生长和对锰渣中锰的浸出率的影响.结果表明,两种表面活性剂均能有效强化硫杆菌对锰渣的淋溶性能,SDS和PVP的最佳浓度分别为35 mg/L和15 mg/L,在最佳浓度条件下,两者均能显著降低培养液的pH值,提高锰的浸出率,其浸出率分别达到88％和83％,均高于对照组的72％.进一步分析表明,SDS比PVP更能有效提高浸出体系的ORP电位,促进锰的浸出.电镜结果表明,在最佳浓度条件下,SDS比PVP更能有效促进硫杆菌对锰渣表面的侵蚀,降低锰渣的表面粒度,提高锰渣中锰的浸出率.     

基于DEA的中国工业污染治理效率

以用于工业污染治理的资金和设备为投入指标,以工业废水达标排放率和废水重复利用率、工业废气排放削减率、工业固体废物综合利用率和处置率为产出指标,利用DEA模型将污染治理的综合技术效率分解为纯技术效率和规模效率,分析影响污染治理效果的制约因素,为改善治理效果提供依据.结果表明,以1999年为转折点,工业废水治理的制约因素由纯技术效率转为规模效率.1997-2002年,工业废气的种类和性质变化以及废气的复合型污染提升了对废气处理技术的要求,纯技术效率偏低;2002年以后,纯技术效率和规模效率发展不相协调,废气治理投入的资源利用率偏低.1995-2005年,固体废物污染治理的规模效率较高,纯技术效率为污染治理的制约因素;2005年以后,纯技术效率有所提升,但波动较大.整体而言,工业废水治理的多年平均综合技术效率、纯技术效率和规模效率均最高,废气次之,固体废物最低,表现出明显的不均衡性.     

气候变化与极端气象灾害对宁夏农业经济的影响评估

综合气候学与经济学交叉学科理论,定量评估了气候变化与极端气象灾害对宁夏农业经济的影响。结果表明,年平均温度和降水量均非线性影响农业经济,温度对农业经济的影响大于降水,北部引黄灌区对平均温度和降水的变化更加敏感;≥35℃极端高温和重旱显著负面影响农业经济;中南部非灌溉区面临“高温干旱”复合型灾害影响,北部引黄灌溉区面临“旱涝急转”型灾害影响。在宁夏南北部“暖湿”和“暖干”可能进一步分异的背景下,决策者与生产者要抓住有利气候条件,规避极端气象灾害不利影响,促进地区粮食丰收和乡村产业振兴。     

大气污染成为危害人类健康的一大杀手

2007年11月21～22日,“第三届国家环境与健康论坛”在京盛大召开。在论坛上,国家环保总局、卫生部联合国务院其它部委局办启动了《国家环境与健康行动计划》,这是环境与健康发展史上新的里程碑,此论坛必将大力推动我国环境与健康事业的进一步发展。在论坛上,一些官员、专家做了环境与健康方面的报告,内容深刻新颖、硕果显著,本刊遴选北京大学医学部公共卫生学院郭新彪教授的发言以飨读者。     

周生贤在全国环境监测工作会议上指出：加快建设先进环境监测预警体系 为推进环保历史性转变提供保障

2月28日-29日,国家环保总局在京召开全国环境监测工作会议。环保总局局长周生贤出席会议并讲话。他说,加强环境监测,是加快推进历史性转变的重要保障,是实现“十一五”污染减排目标的必然要求,是提升环境管理能力的迫切需要,是深化国际环境合作的有效手段。要进一步明确新时期环境监测工作的目标和任务,加快建设先进的环境监测预警体系,全力推进环境保护历史性转变。     

Use of a column leaching test to study the mobility of chlorinated HOCs from a contaminated soil and the distribution of compounds between soluble and colloid phases

An equilibrium and recirculation column test for hydrophobic organic chemicals (ER-H test) was used to study the leaching behaviour of chlorophenols (CPs), polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDEs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) from contaminated soil. A 50% increase in the pore water velocity was shown to have little or no effect on the mobility of CPs, PCDEs, PCDFs and PCDDs. The standard deviations of truly dissolved compounds, CPs, were between 19% and 65% between the tests. However, the repeatability of the ER-H test decreased with increases in the hydrophobicity of the studied compounds; the standard deviations for PCDEs, PCDFs and PCDDs ranged from 53% to 110%, 57% to 77% and 110% to 130%, respectively. The influence of colloids on the release of these compounds was also examined. Up to 30% of the CPs in the soil were leached, of which 1-3% were associated with colloids. The PCDEs, PCDFs and PCDDs were found to be preferably associated with the particulate fraction of the leachate, and less than 0.2% of these compounds were mobilised.     

Levels and temporal trends of chlorinated pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and brominated flame retardants in individual human breast milk samples from Northern and Southern Norway

Human breast milk samples from primipara women from Northern (Troms?) (N=10) and Southern Norway (Oslo) (N=19) collected in 2000-2001 were analysed with respect to hexachlorobenzene (HCB), hexachlorocyclohexane (HCHs), chlordanes (CHLs), DDTs, mirex, toxaphenes (CHBs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). CHBs, PBDEs and HBCD were only analysed in the Troms? samples. Sum-PCBs and sum-DDTs were the major organochlorines (OCs) (170 and 110 ng g(-1) lipid weight (lw), respectively). Other OCs were found in levels of approximately 10- to 300-fold lower than sum-PCBs. Overall, the concentrations of OCs followed the decreasing order of PCBs>DDTs>HCB>HCHs approximately CHLs>CHBs>mirex. Concentrations of sum-HCHs were significantly higher in breast milk from Oslo compared to Troms? (p<0.05). The PCB profile was dominated by PCB-153, -138 and -180. The PBDE pattern was dominated by PBDE-47 and PBDE-153. The median level of sum-PBDEs was 4.1 ng g(-1) lw. PBDE-209 was detected in all analysed samples (median 0.13 ng g(-1) lw). The estimated daily intake (EDI) for the median (range) of sum mono-ortho (mo) PCBs(8) was 3.7 (1-9) pg TEQ kg(-1) body weight per day for breast fed infants in Norway. This exceeded the TDI by a factor of 1.8 (1-4) based only on intake of mono-ortho PCBs. The present study shows that concentrations of OCs in primipara breast milk have decreased 50-60% since 1991, and that this trend is continuing.     

Influence of input uncertainty on prediction of within-field pesticide leaching risks

Previous research has suggested that pesticide losses at the field scale can be dominated by a small proportion of the field area. The objective of this study was to investigate whether site-specific applications (i.e. avoiding high-risk areas) at the field scale can contribute to a reduction of pesticide leaching despite uncertainty in the underlying model-based leaching risk map. Using a meta-model of the dual-permeability model MACRO, the annual average pesticide leaching concentrations were estimated for 162 sample sites on a 47 ha field. The procedure was repeated for different scenarios describing different patterns of spatial variation of degradation half-lives and the partition coefficient to soil organic carbon. To account for interpolation uncertainty, maps of predicted pesticide leaching risk were produced by the method of sequential Gaussian simulation. The results of the case study show that larger reductions of predicted leaching were achieved by site-specific application than by that of a comparable uniform dose reduction. Hence, site-specific-applications may be a feasible method to reduce pesticide leaching at the field-scale providing that the model approach gives reasonable estimates of the spatial pattern of pesticide leaching.     

长白山低山丘陵区生态农业建设与小流域治理

吉林省柳河试验区是长白山低山丘陵区域的典型代表。本文在分析了该试验区的农业自然条件及其存在的主要问题的基础上,提出了生态农业建设与小流域综合治理的技术模式,并报道了初步实施结果。     

新型SBR工艺同步硝化反硝化的研究

新型SBR工艺是在传统SBR工艺基础上进行改进,于反应器中加一隔板而成的。实验研究了不同的C/N、DO和好氧区与缺氧厌氧区体积比对同步硝化反硝化的影响,当进水CODCr、NH4+-N浓度分别为198~604、48.7~57.0 m g/L,DO浓度为1.0~3.0 m g/L时反应器中CODCr、NH4+-N去除率分别达到89.3%~93.4%、77.6%~97.5%。