集中科研力量重点突破开创环境科技新局面——我国环保重点实验室和工程技术中心发展侧记

2007年9月,国家环保总局科技标准司在昆明高新区建立全国第一家"国家环境保护工业资源循环利用工程技术中心",这一建设将填补我国在工业资源循环利用领域综合研发机构的空白。环保工程技术中心将与总局创建的国家环保重点实验室一起为环境科技快速发展奠定了一定的基础。     

Linking Models of Land Use,Resources, and Economy to Simulate the Development of Mountain Regions (ALPSCAPE)

We present a framework of a scenario-based model that simulates the development of the municipality of Davos (Swiss Alps). We illustrate our method with the calculation of the scenario for 2050 “Decrease in subsidies for mountain agriculture and liberalization of markets.” The main objective was to link submodels of land-use allocation (regression-based approach), material and energy flows submodels (Material and Energy Flux Analysis), and economic submodels (Input–Output Analysis). Letting qualitative and quantitative information flow from one submodel to the next, following the storyline describing a scenario, has proven to be suitable for linking submodels. The succession of the submodels is then strongly dependent on the scenario. Qualitative information flows are simulated with microsimulations of actor choices. Links between the submodels show different degrees of robustness: although the links involving microsimulations are the weakest, the uncertainty introduced by the land-use allocation model is actually advantageous because it allows one possible change in the landscape in the future to be simulated. The modeling results for the scenario here presented show that the disappearance of agriculture only marginally affects the region’s factor income, but that the consequences for the self-sufficiency rate, for various landscape-related indicators and ecosystem services, and for the economy in the long term may be considerable. These benefits compensate for agriculture’s modest direct economic value. The framework presented can potentially be applied to any region and scenario. This framework provides a basis for a learning package that allows potential detrimental consequences of regional development to be anticipated at an early stage.     

天山天池景区道路灰尘磁学特性及其环境意义

为验证环境磁学方法监测和预测旅游景区道路灰尘环境的可行性,以新疆天山天池5A级旅游景区内道路灰尘为研究对象,共采集道路灰尘样品40个、道路旁表土样品35个,并对其进行环境磁学分析。结果表明,天山天池道路灰尘磁性主要由亚铁磁性的磁铁矿主导,含有少量不完全反铁磁性矿物,主要以多畴(MD)粗颗粒和稳定单畴(SSD)为主,伴有极少量的超顺磁性颗粒颗粒(SP);景区道路灰尘样品磁性增强与人为交通活动产生的磁性颗粒外源输入密切相关;从道路样品磁性参数的空间分布看,χLF、χARM、SIRM、SOFT的空间变化趋势类似,高值区位于民族文化村和纪念品商店,中值区出现在天山奇石馆,低值区分布在定海神针和秀水山庄。景区不同道路旅游交通的流量和强度是形成磁性特征空间分布格局的主因。研究发现,环境磁学方法基本具有大范围监测景区道路环境质量、圈定潜在污染范围和判别污染物来源的潜力,并能为景区道路交通污染防治提供了参考依据。     

我国公众环境保护意识的调查与分析

本文根据一次大规模的抽样调查资料，初步分析了我国公众环境保护意识的现状，认为从总体上看，公众的环保意识水平偏低；公众的环境资源况颇具特色；在经济发展与环境保护之间出现明显矛盾时，半数公众能够优先考虑环境保护；大多数公众认为环境保护与个人有关，但对个人的努力信心不足；超过七成的公众表示愿意为环境保护支付一定费用，但对高收入阶层普遍寄予较高的期望；公众有一定的依法保护环境的心理基础，但法律知识又非常缺乏。     

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Use of lysimeters to estimate leaching of pesticides in agricultural soils

In this review of lysimeters, different aspects concerning soil-filling technique, lysimeter size and materials, and drainage-system type are discussed. The placement of lysimeters in the field is dealt with, as are other types of field measurements that can provide complementary information. Evaluations of various properties are based on the assumption that the lysimeters are to be used for estimating pesticide leaching. Guidelines for use in designing a suitable lysimeter experiment for this purpose are described, with special emphasis placed on using the results as a basis for pesticide registration. In this context, some general recommendations are identified. Concerning the lysimeter itself, stress is placed on the importance of using undisturbed soil monoliths. It is recommended that two soil types, i.e. sand and clay, be used and that the management practices carried out closely resemble normal farming practices. Further recommendations include weekly water sampling, two watering regimes, and use of the normal and double the normal application rate of pesticides.     

地貌与环境保护

(一)随着国民经济的迅速发展,人口向城市集中的趋势愈来愈明显。据估计,到2000年世界约有60%的人将居住在城市。解放以来,我国城市的发展速度同样惊人,从1952年到1976年,人口在100万以上的特大城市,由9个增到13个,增长44%,大城市由10个增到25个,增长150%,中等城市由23个增到53个,增长130%,其增长之快为世界各国所不及。