Fertilizer use efficiency and nitrate leaching in a tropical sandy soil

Maize (Zea mays L.) production in the smallholder farming areas of Zimbabwe is based on both organic and mineral nutrient sources. A study was conducted to determine the effect of composted cattle manure, mineral N fertilizer, and their combinations on NO3 concentrations in leachate leaving the root zone and to establish N fertilization rates that minimize leaching. Maize was grown for three seasons (1996-1997, 1997-1998, and 1998-1999) in field lysimeters repacked with a coarse-grained sandy soil (Typic Kandiustalf). Leachate volumes ranged from 480 to 509 mm yr(-1) (1395 mm rainfall) in 1996-1997, 296 to 335 mm yr(-1) (840 mm rainfall) in 1997-1998, and 606 to 635 mm yr(-1) (1387 mm rainfall) in 1998-1999. Mineral N fertilizer, especially the high rate (120 kg N ha(-1)), and manure plus mineral N fertilizer combinations resulted in high NO3 leachate concentrations (up to 34 mg N L(-1)) and NO3 losses (up to 56 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1)) in 1996-1997, which represent both environmental and economic concerns. Although the leaching losses were relatively small in the other seasons, they are still of great significance in African smallholder farming where fertilizer is unaffordable for most farmers. Nitrate leaching from sole manure treatments was relatively low (average of less than 20 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1)), whereas the crop uptake efficiency of mineral N fertilizer was enhanced by up to 26% when manure and mineral N fertilizer were applied in combination. The low manure (12.5 Mg ha(-1)) plus 60 kg N ha(-1) fertilizer treatment was best in terms of maintaining dry matter yield and minimizing N leaching losses.     

In situ bioremediation through mulching of soil polluted by a copper-nickel smelter

Bioremediation of a heavy metal-polluted soil was investigated in a 3-yr field experiment by adding mulch to a polluted forest floor. The mulch consisted of a mixture of compost and woodchips. The remediation treatment decreased the toxicity of the soil solution to bacteria as determined by the [3H]-thymidine incorporation technique, that is, by measuring the growth rate of soil bacteria extracted from unpolluted humus after exposing them to soil solution containing heavy metals from the experimental plots. Canonical correlation analysis was performed in order to identify the chemical and microbiological changes in the soil. The pH of the mulched organic layer increased by one unit. The concentration of complexed Cu increased and that of free Cu2+ decreased in the soil solution from the mulch treatment. According to basal respiration and litter decomposition, microbial activity increased during the 3 yr following the remediation treatment. The [3H]-thymidine incorporation technique was also used to study the growth rate and tolerance of bacteria to Cu. The bacterial growth rate increased and the Cu tolerance decreased on the treated plots. The structure of the microbial community, as determined by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis, remained unchanged. The results indicate that remediation of the polluted soil had occurred, and that adding a mulch to the forest floor is a suitable method for remediating heavy metal-polluted soil.     

有机硅等离子体聚合物复合膜的制备及氧氮选择透过性能

四种有机硅单体,即乙烯基三甲基硅烷(VTMS)、乙烯基甲基二乙基硅烷(VMDES)、八甲基环四硅氧烷(D_4)和六甲基二硅氧烷(M_2),在13.56MHz钟罩式等离子体发生器中,分别进行等离子体聚合,聚合物沉积在多孔聚丙烯底膜celgard 3401表面。在放电功率50W,体系压力12—30Pa,反应时间15—60min时,形成具有氧氮选择透过功能的有机硅等离子体聚合物复含膜。其氧气透过速率Jo_2是12.7—5.7×10~(-66)Cm~3(STP)/cm~2·s:cmHg,氧氮分离系数αO/N是3.78—4.07。等离子体聚合物层的厚度约0.1—0.2μm。根据它们的扫描电镜照片、红外光谱和元素分析数据,讨论了具有气体选择透过性能的等离子体聚合物复合膜的形反过程;底膜性质对复合膜性能的影响;等离子休聚合物层的化学结构和组成,以及它们同复杂等离子体聚合反应历程之间的关系     

对皮尔逊 X~2检验在小容量样本检验中适用性的粗浅认识

根据样本的测值,检验其母体是否服从某种指定的分布,这类检验通常称之为拟合优度检验。拟合优度检验的方法很多,但其中皮尔逊 x~2检验应用得最广泛,其统计量为:x~2=sum from k to i=1 ((f_i-np_i)~2)/(np_i)式中,f_i为观察频数,np_i为理论频数。根据皮尔逊、费歇定理知,当 n 充分大时,则不论母体是什么分布,统计量 x~2=     

电子束辐照烟气脱硫脱硝技术及模型模拟

对电子束辐照烟气脱硫脱硝技术进行了简要介绍,同时对影响脱硫效率、脱硝效率的主要因素进行了分析,并利用相应软件对反应器中吸收剂量的分布进行了模拟.     

长三角地区农田肥料总氮地表流失率和流失负荷估算

以长江三角洲为研究区域,利用2002年以来公开发表的文献中188组农田总氮(TN)地表径流试验样本,基于Bayesian递归回归树模型建立了长三角地区农田肥料部分(不包括土壤本底含量)总氮流失估算模型.同时,在ArcGIS平台上,估算了2008年长三角地区"三省一市"(上海、江苏、浙江与安徽)1 km×1 km农田肥料总氮地表流失率和流失负荷.结果表明:基于长三角地区化肥施用量、年降雨量、土地利用现状与水系等数据构建的长三角地区农田肥料TN地表流失率估算模型是有效的,模型校准和验证R2分别达到0.820和0.744,模拟结果相对可靠.长三角地区农田TN流失率具有显著的空间分异性,其中位值为3.36%(R50为3.09%~3.63%),主要影响因素为降雨量、土壤有机质含量、土壤粘粒比重、施N量等;相应地,2008年流失负荷为88.1 Gg·a-1(71.9~104.4 Gg·a-1,以N计).TN流失率较高的区域集中在淮河北部及江苏东部沿海区域,流失负荷贡献最大的市依次为盐城、徐州、阜阳、亳州,共占研究区域农田肥料TN流失负荷的41%.