Congener-specific analysis of toxaphene in eggs of seabirds from Germany by HRGC-NCI-MS using a carborane-siloxane copolymer phase (HT-8)

A method for the congener-specific analysis of toxaphene in eggs of seabirds from a monitoring program from the northern part of Germany was carried out. The method was optimized in most steps of the procedure: injection temperature, HRGC with an HT-8 column, ion source temperature and the MS detection mode NCI/SIM measuring the isotope clusters of [M] , [M-Cl]-, [M-HCl]- and [M-2Cl]-. The suitability of 1,4-exo, 7,8,9,10,10-heptachloro-5-methoxytricyclo [5,2,1,0(2,6)]dec-3,8-diene as internal standard was demonstrated. 14 toxaphenes with Parlar numbers and more than 60 unknown toxaphenes could be identified. Spatial and temporal trends of toxaphene contamination are presented by using the Parlar 22 components standard for quantification.     

Microbial degradation of phthalic acid esters under anaerobic digestion of sludge

The microbial degradation by anaerobic sludge of three phthalates, priority pollutants, listed by both China National Environmental Monitoring Center and the U.S.EPA, namely, dimethyl (DMP), di-n-butyl (DBP) and di-n-octyl (DOP) phthalates was investigated. The experimental results indicated that the biodegradation rate and the biodegradability of three phthalates under anaerobic conditions appeared to be related to the length of the alkyl-side chains. More than 90% of DMP and DBP with the short alkyl-side chain phthalates can be degraded, whereas the DOP degradation appeared to be relatively slow under the same experimental conditions. The quantity of methane produced was measured and the results showed that both the ester groups and the phthalate ring were mineralized at a significant rate. The kinetics study demonstrated that the biodegradation of three phthalates conformed to the first-order model with respect to their concentrations.     

Determination of Q1, an unknown organochlorine contaminant, in human milk, Antarctic air, and further environmental samples

Q1, an organochlorine component with the molecular formula C(9)H(3)Cl(7)N(2) and of unknown origin was recently identified in seal blubber samples from the Namibian coast (southwest of Africa) and the Antarctic. In these samples, Q1 was more abundant than PCBs and on the level of DDT residues. Furthermore, Q1 was more abundant in seals from the Antarctic than the Arctic. To prove this assumption, gas chromatography-electron-capture negative ion mass spectrometry (GC/ECNI-MS), which is sensitive and selective for Q1, allowed for screening of traces of Q1 even in samples with particularly high levels of other organochlorine contaminants. Q1 was isolated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) from a skua liver sample. A 1:1 mixture with trans-nonachlor in electron-capture detectors (ECDs) was used to determine the relative response factor with ECNI-MS. The ECNI-MS response of Q1 turned out to be 4.5 times higher than that of trans-nonachlor in an ECD. With GC/ECNI-MS in the selected ion-monitoring mode, four Antarctic and four Arctic air samples were investigated for the presence of Q1. In the Antarctic air samples, Q1 levels ranged from 0.7 to 0.9 fg/m(3). In Arctic air samples, however, Q1 was below the detection limit (<0.06 fg/m(3) or 60 ag/m(3)). We also report on high Q1 levels in selected human milk samples (12-230 microg/kg lipid) and, therefore, suggested that the unknown Q1 is an environmental compound whose origin and distribution should be investigated in detail. Our data confirm that Q1 is a bioaccumulative natural organochlorine product. Detection of a highly chlorinated natural organochlorine compound in air and human milk is novel.     

水电站工程项目区生态环境现状评价方法初探——以开都河柳树沟水电站工程为例

在野外实地调查和遥感影像解译的基础上,采用传统生态学样方调查法和景观生态学生态完整性评价法相结合的方法,对开都河柳树沟水电站工程项目区生态环境现状进行评价.评价结果显示,这种评价方法能更全面有效的对项目区的生态环境现状进行评价.     

基于驾驶适宜性检测的沙漠公路驾驶员视觉特性分析

利用动体视力检测仪,对沙漠公路行车途中汽车驾驶员进行包括静视力和动体视力在内的视觉特性的实地测试,并就获得的1004个有效样本的检测数据进行统计整理,对受测驾驶员静、动体视力总体情况及其与驾驶员年龄、驾龄、持续行车时间、检测时的气温等因素之间的关系进行分析研究。对驾驶员视觉特性的实测分析表明:沙漠公路受测驾驶员静视力和动体视力平均值分别为1.3和0.7;动体视力相对于静视力的平均下降幅度为44.75%,远高于绿洲地区。关联度分析也表明,驾驶员的年龄、驾龄、驾车时间以及测试温度4项因素对其静视力、动视力以及视力降幅均具有较强的相关性,关联度均在0.76以上。     

Review of ozone and temperature lidar validations performed within the framework of the Network for the Detection of Stratospheric Change

The use of assimilation tools for satellite validation requires true estimates of the accuracy of the reference data. Since its inception, the Network for Detection of Stratospheric Change (NDSC) has provided systematic lidar measurements of ozone and temperature at several places around the world that are well adapted for satellite validations. Regular exercises have been organised to ensure the data quality at each individual site. These exercises can be separated into three categories: large scale intercomparisons using multiple instruments, including a mobile lidar; using satellite observations as a geographic transfer standards to compare measurements at different sites; and comparative investigations of the analysis software. NDSC is a research network, so each system has its own history, design, and analysis, and has participated differently in validation campaigns. There are still some technological differences that may explain different accuracies. However, the comparison campaigns performed over the last decade have always proved to be very helpful in improving the measurements. To date, more efforts have been devoted to characterising ozone measurements than to temperature observations. The synthesis of the published works shows that the network can potentially be considered as homogeneous within +/-2% between 20-35 km for ozone and +/-1 K between 35-60 km for temperature. Outside this altitude range, larger biases are reported and more efforts are required. In the lower stratosphere, Raman channels seem to improve comparisons but such capabilities were not systematically compared. At the top of the profiles, more investigations on analysis methodologies are still probably needed. SAGE II and GOMOS appear to be excellent tools for future ozone lidar validations but need to be better coordinated and take more advantage of assimilation tools. Also, temperature validations face major difficulties caused by atmospheric tides and therefore require intercomparisons with the mobile systems, at all sites.     

联邦德国易本比伦(Jbbenburen)煤矿的矸石山改造

煤矿与环境保护之间有着密切的联系,因为开采地下矿产资源必定会影响到地球表面。随着采煤机械化程度的不断提高,矸石比重越来越大,1940年的矸石百分比为18％,而1970年则增加到37％,矸石的重量相当于原煤的50％。因此,必须对煤矿的矸石山进行改造。从七十年代开始,随着人们对环境保护观念的不断更新,已经从过去传统的松散堆置的锥形矸石山,转变到改造矸石山,使其接近原生态环境。     

新疆煤田火灾的成因、危害及综合治理

新疆是世界上煤田火灾最严重的地区,原因主要是新疆地处欧亚大陆腹地,具典型的大陆性干旱气候;新疆地区煤系为中下侏罗纪,地质活动较为剧烈;小煤窑的乱采滥挖等.新疆煤田火灾带来巨大危害:损失煤炭资源、污染环境、引发地质灾害、破坏生态平衡及危害生物健康等.对煤田火灾进行综合治理已经成为当务之急.为了有效灭火,应先对火区进行探测.探测方法有磁异常探测法、自然电场法和红外地面测温法等.然后因地制宜地选择适当的灭火技术进行灭火.灭火之后还应利用地理信息系统等方法对火区进行动态监测.     

实现绿色清洁经济必须引起足够的国际重视

2008年世界环境日的主题是"改变传统观念,推行低碳经济".如果我们要在全球范围内实现绿色清洁经济、大幅减少低效矿物燃料使用、开发新型可再生能源的目标,必须引起足够的国际重视.