Landmark memories are more robust when acquired at the nest site than en route: experiments in desert ants

Foraging desert ants, Cataglyphis fortis, encounter different sequences of visual landmarks while navigating by path integration. This paper explores the question whether the storage of landmark information depends on the context in which the landmarks are learned during an ant's foraging journey. Two experimental set-ups were designed in which the ants experienced an artificial landmark panorama that was placed either around the nest entrance (nest marks) or along the vector route leading straight towards the feeder (route marks). The two training paradigms resulted in pronounced differences in the storage characteristics of the acquired landmark information: memory traces of nest marks were much more robust against extinction and/or suppression than those of route marks. In functional terms, this result is in accord with the observation that desert ants encounter new route marks during every foraging run but always pass the same landmarks when approaching the nest entrance.     

汞在鲤鱼组织中的蓄积、排出与血流速度的关系

本试验在10±1℃、不喂食条件下测定鲤鱼在30天受汞毒期间鳃、脑和肝胰脏蓄积汞和尾鳍微血管血流速度及30天解毒期间排出汞和血流速度的变化。试验结果:受毒期间鳃中汞的蓄积量最多,解毒期间鳃中汞的排出速度最快;受毒期间血流速度随受毒时间的延长而减慢,又随试验浓度的增高而减慢,解毒期间血流速度随解毒时间的延长而加快;受毒期间高浓度试验组鱼鳃、脑和肝胰脏中汞的蓄积量与血流速度呈负相关,解毒期间鱼鳃中汞的排出量与血流速度呈正相关,汞的浓度与血流速度呈负相关。     

利用裂变产物I~(133)的中子活化分析法精确测定岩石、矿物中的铀含量

本文介绍了一种确定岩石和矿物样品中铀含量的放射化学中子活化技术。这种方法是基于碱熔样品,用硝酸钠溶液对碘的选择氧化和用蒸馏法分出裂变产物 I~(133)。这种方法是迅速、灵敏和可靠的。     

乙二胺四乙酸二钠盐溶解后用ICP-AES法测定不纯重晶石和菱锶矿中的钡、锶及九种少量元素和微量元素

本文提出一种测定与脉石矿物伴生的重晶石和菱锶矿中的钡、锶、硅及九种少量和微量元素的新方法。本法涉及在氢氧化铵存在时,在乙二胺四乙酸二钠盐(EDTA-2Na)浓溶液的回流下,对试样进行煮沸溶解。在这种条件下,重晶石和菱锶矿定量溶解,任何伴生的硅酸盐和硫化物矿物杂质不能被溶解,滤出后,在白金坩埚中灼烧至恒重。加入浓硫酸和氢氟酸后,对残渣加热,然后再灼烧至氧化物,以重量法测定二氧化硅。以硫酸氢钠熔融残渣,然后溶于稀硫酸中。用乙二胺四乙酸二钠盐溶液进行适度稀释后,用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定Ba、Sr、Be、Co.Cr、Cu、La、Ni、V、Yb和Zn。用ICP-AES对酸式硫酸盐熔融产物分别进行分析。将测得的各元素的含量与从乙二胺四乙酸二钠盐溶液中所获得的各对应元素的含量分别相加。本文的平行分析测定值之间及这些测定值与用其它测定方法所获得的测定值都很吻合。     

硝酸—硫酸分解地质物料中的辰砂和有机汞化合物冷蒸气原子吸收光谱法测定全汞

本文列举的数据表明,在室温和低于沸水浴的温度下,辰砂(HgS)在HNO_3-H_2SO_4中溶解很慢。然而在沸水浴上,这种酸混合物能迅速分解辰砂。试验显示了温度对反应速度的影响。基于这些试验提出了一个用HNO_3-H_2SO_4(2+3)从含辰砂和有机汞化合物的地质试样(岩石、土壤和沉积物)中提取全汞的分解方法。     

有机染料废水的净化

电化学处理目前用电化学法处理工业废水的越来越多。在无隔膜电解槽中阳极氧化有机杂质很有效。有机污染物可通过原子氧、氯以及电化学法进行氧化。电解槽的阳极一般用石墨、钛、氧化钌钛涂层,而阴极一般用不锈钢和钛涂层,此时多数情况下不生成沉淀。在以石墨或涂钌钛氧化物的电极为阳极无隔膜电解槽中进行了净     

电化学检测离子色谱法测定氰化物、硫化物、碘化物和溴化物

用离子色谱(IC)和通过银工作电极的电化学检测来分离和检测氰化物、硫化物、碘化物和溴化物。它们的检测性限分别为2PPb、30PPb、lOPPb和lOPPb。氰化物和硫化物能同时测定,以及还有其它能被IC测定的一般阴离子。包含在镉和锌络合物中的氰化物作为总游离氰化物被定量测定,而包含在镍和铜络合物中的氰化物只有一部分作为游离氰化物被测定。在金、铁或钴络合物中强键合的氰化物不被测定。虽然离子交换技术能容易地使氰化物或硫化物与大多数普遍的阴离子分离,但是它们通过一般的方法如电导法的检测是     

源自车辆的微粒磁性与Ficus infectoria(一个关键种)对它的改善

引言 源自车辆燃烧的磁性矿物质主要是磁铁矿和金属铁颗粒,大小为0.1～0.7 μm[1].这种大小的颗粒对人类特别有害,因为它能被吸入肺里.而且,在悬浮尘粒中,磁铁与其它重金属(如锌、镉、铬)[2]和对人体健康有害的诱变有机化合物[3]结合在一起.     

Fluid Mechanics of Biological Surfaces and their Technological Application

 A survey is given on fluid-dynamic effects caused by the structure and properties of biological surfaces. It is demonstrated that the results of investigations aiming at technological applications can also provide insights into biophysical phenomena. Techniques are described both for reducing wall shear stresses and for controlling boundary-layer separation. (a) Wall shear stress reduction was investigated experimentally for various riblet surfaces including a shark skin replica. The latter consists of 800 plastic model scales with compliant anchoring. Hairy surfaces are also considered, and surfaces in which the no-slip condition is modified. Self-cleaning surfaces such as that of lotus leaves represent an interesting option to avoid fluid-dynamic deterioration by the agglomeration of dirt. An example of technological implementation is discussed for riblets in long-range commercial aircraft. (b) Separation control is also an important issue in biology. After a few brief comments on vortex generators, the mechanism of separation control by bird feathers is described in detail. Self-activated movable flaps (=artificial bird feathers) represent a high-lift system enhancing the maximum lift of airfoils by about 20%. This is achieved without perceivable deleterious effects under cruise conditions. Finally, flight experiments on an aircraft with laminar wing and movable flaps are presented.     

Chinese life cycle impact assessment factors

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＬｉｆｅｃｙｃｌｅａｓｓｅｓｓｍｅｎｔ(ＬＣＡ)ｉｓａｎｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔｔｏｏｌｔｈａｔｉｓｕｓｅｄｔｏｅｘａｍｉｎｅａｎｄｅｖａｌｕａｔｅｔｈｅｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｉｍｐａｃｔｓａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｄｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｅｘｉｓｔｅｎｃｅｏｆｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｓ(Ｊｅｎｓｅｎ,1998;Ｗｅｉｄｅｍａ,1997;Ｗｅｎｚｅｌ,1997).ＴｈｅｆｏｃｕｓｏｆＬＣＡｉｓｏｎｔｈｅｅｎｔｉｒｅｌｉｆｅｃｙｃｌｅｏｆｔｈｅｐｒｏｄｕｃｔ,ｉ.ｅ.ｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｅｘｔｒａｃｔｉ…