Using Multiple Antibiotic Resistance and land use characteristics to determine sources of fecal coliform bacterial pollution

Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) analysis and regression modeling techniques were used to identify surface water areas impacted by fecal pollution from human sources, and to determine the effects of land use on fecal pollution in Murrells Inlet, a small, urbanized, high-salinity estuary located between Myrtle Beach and Georgetown, South Carolina. MAR analysis was performed to identify areas in the estuary that are impacted by human-source fecal pollution. Additionally, regression analysis was performed to determine if an association exists between land use and fecal coliform densities over the ten-year period from 1989 to 1998. Land-use variables were derived using Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques and were used in the regression analysis.MAR analyses were conducted by comparing the frequency and patterns of antibiotic resistance found in Escherichia coli isolates derived from surface water samples and from sewage sources in the Murrells Inlet sewage collection system. The MAR results suggest that the majority of the fecal pollution detected in the Murrells Inlet estuary may be from non-human sources, including fecal coliforms isolated from areas in close proximity to high densities of active septic tanks.A MAR Index, which measures the frequency of antibiotic resistance, was calculated for each of twenty-three water samples and nine sewage samples. The antibiotic resistance pattern comparisons were performed using cluster analysis. Although the MAR indices indicated that several surface water sites had potential human-source contamination, the cluster analysis suggests that only one sampling site had MAR patterns that were similar to those found in the sewage samples. This site was in close proximity to several large pleasure boats as well as a sewage collection system lift station, but was not near areas with active septic tanks. The results of the regression analysis also suggest that sewage sources and rainfall runoff from urbanized areas may contribute to fecal pollution in the estuary.     

IMPACTS OF VISITORS ON SOIL AND VEGETATION OF THE RECREATIONAL AREA “NACIMIENTO DEL RÍO MUNDO” (CASTILLA-LA MANCHA, SPAIN)

This study examines the effects of recreational use on the soil and vegetation at a site of ecological importance (Nacimiento del Río Mundo, Albacete, Spain). The most visited sites showed increased soil compaction of approximately 50%, bare ground increase to 61 ± 10% and a decrease in richness (from 25 ± 2 to 15 ± 2 species), diversity (from 4.0 ± 0.1 to 2.7 ± 0.4) and stratification of plant species (from 80 ± 11 to 21 ± 4%). The most visited sites had 90% less plant species as compared to the least visited. Intense use was associated with the presence of nitrophilous plant and vegetal species with a morphology adapted to heavy trampling. The recreational areas showed a distribution pattern of impact radiating outwards from the most used and degraded point. At the most visited point, Los Chorros (the spring of the river), the impact radiated outwards for about 20 m. A pilot experiment examining the effects of one-year restriction to visitors for access to a formerly impacted area showed a plant cover increase by anthropic and not by native species of 57 percent units.     

Assessment of Metal Contamination in Doñana National Park (Spain) using Crayfish (Procamburus Clarkii)

Water quality assessment in the Aznalcollar area was attempted using multivariate methods based on heavy metal concentrations in red swamp crayfish (Procamburus clarkii). Trace levels of four heavy metals, copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), were detected in crayfish from eleven different stations. Principal component analysis (PCA) highlighted a gradient of contamination between the sampling stations. Cluster analysis (CA) distinguished three groups of stations. Discriminant analysis also differentiated three groups. The group centroids of the first discriminant function were used to devise an index that varies according to the source of the crayfish. These standardized values are proposed for use as a water quality index. The ability of this index to successfully predict environmental quality was proved with random samples.     

和田市土地利用结构变化研究

我国正处在城市化急速发展的时期。城市从数量、规模等各方面都在膨胀，这给城市土地利用带来了一系列问题。本文在综合分析和田市城市土地利用现状和未来发展要求的基础上，为解决人类在高强度经济活动中，特别是在农村经济建设和城乡建设快速发展的条件下。针对如何解决土地资源的合理利用、环境恶化及持续发展之间的矛盾。提出了和田市未来合理开发利用土地资源、产业结构的调整、城市功能区的布局和进行城市建设等方面可行性方案。     

Responses of Gammarus pulex (Amphipoda, Crustacea) to metalliferous effluents: identification of toxic components and the importance of interpopulation variation

This study was designed to evaluate the ability of an in-situ bioassay to assess the impact of complex effluents on freshwaters and to identify toxic components. Reductions in the feeding rate of Gammarus pulex proved to be a sensitive indicator of the impact of metalliferous effluents on receiving water quality. The effluents contained a mixture of five potentially toxic metals. By combining information on feeding rates with bioaccumulation data, two metals, iron and manganese, were identified as the probable toxic agents. Laboratory experiments validated the conclusions reached from the field study and confirmed that iron was a major toxicant. The sensitivities of Gammarus pulex from a metal-contaminated site and a clean site were compared during both the field and laboratory studies. Interpopulation differences in the response of G. pulex to toxicants were detected in the field study but not in the laboratory experiments. Possible reasons for this are discussed.     

挪威多领域环保优先政策

为了达到挪威在国际协议中承诺的环保目标，政府的战略是制定一套综合环保政策。在此情况下，改善环境的措施需要在多个领域中实施。为此，每一个公共行政部门在制定所有的计划和发展规划时，有责任确保突出考虑环境问题。为了检查各个部门环保责任的完成，每个政府部门在年度预算中，都必须提出并量化其决定实施的环保措施。     

用原子捕集原子吸收法测定土壤的氯化钙萃取物中的镉

本方法描述了用原子捕集原子吸收分光光度计(ATAAS)测定0.05M 土壤氯化钙萃取物中的镉。把 ATAAS 法用于象镉这样的测定上,这是因为镉的浓度太低,以致用一般的火焰原子吸收法是不能测定的。存在于土壤萃取物中的主元素对镉的响应实验说明了此种方法可以避免干扰。同时,把用此种方法所测的结果与用     

联合国环境规划署在国际运输和处置有毒与危险废物环境法方面的工作情况

公众逐渐认识到,工业的发展产生了大量不同的有害废物.国际运输、处理和处置有毒与危险废物可危及人体健康和环境质量.很明显,尽管人们在特殊处置技术的知识上,在废物管理和控制程序方面取得了一些进展,但还不够.这个问题需要通过立法来解决,因为事实是,有毒与危险废物的处置和事故都可对环境造成损害.现各国已有     

污水曝气的自动控制

在污水生物净化池里,污水生物净化过程的速度与很多参数有关,其中主要的是污水中的污染物数量和质量及污泥的活性参数,而这些参数暂时还不能受到仪器仪表检测功能的控制.因为它们的值在一昼夜间就发生极大的变化.在被溶解的有机物质污染的工业污水净化过程中,评价上述因素的影响.根据CHnΠ2·04·03-85,对计算的污水生物净化池的原始数据如下:在一个污水生物净化池里,污水每小时最大流量为720米~3/小时;平均一昼夜污水的生物化学需氧量为     

海面原油的挥发

本文对于海面溢油的扩散及其挥发现象,进行了简易的模型试验研究。采用以前发表过的计算原理进行了挥发过程中的空气动力学的计算。文中对热动力学部分,即油的特性与油的风化过程,也进行了详细的的描述。将实验室数据与海洋现场实测数据进行比较后。证明该模型是成功的 同时也证明,在波浪的作用下,油与水的混合对溢油挥发的影响很小,可忽略不计,鉴于在实验室试验初始阶段,尚不能确定波浪与乳化作用对溢油挥发的影响程度,我们有目的地使油的扩散模型尽可能简化。本文给出了计算油膜边缘扩散速度的公式,并提出油膜临界厚度这一概念,小于这一厚度,油膜停止扩散。继而指明了影响溢油挥发的重要因素。本文还列举了溢油挥发的实例,并叙述了风速与温度对溢油挥发的影响。