水环境中重金属的生物积累研究及应用

本文综述了水环境中重金属在水生生物体内（包括鱼类的鳃、软体动物及贝类的肾、肝和肌肉等组织器官）蓄积研究现状及蓄积规律。利用生物积累的特性,为重金属污染的防治及生物监测提供参考。     

深度氧化技术处理有机废水的研究进展

利用深度氧化技术处理有机废水是目前国内外废水处理的新技术,在美国和欧洲等发达国家,该技术已应用于各种废水和饮用水处理过程。针对我国石油、石化企业在外排废水中所含有毒有害有机物质大多难以降解的特点,经过调研,详细介绍了深度氧化技术处理有机废水的研究进展,并着重探讨了在光催化氧化技术、超声降解技术、超临界水氧化技术、湿式氧化技术等方面所做的工作及深度氧化过程除去水中有机污染物的原理。     

车内空气中挥发性有机物的研究

采用热脱附-气相色谱/质谱联用法对4辆处于静止状态下的车辆内部空气中挥发性有机物（VOCs）进行了研究,共定性检出了48种有机物,其中C6～C9之间的组分较多;并对VOCs的总浓度进行了定量,1#～4#车分别为1846、2289、1104和3146 μg/m^3;其中BTEX占VOCs总量的20%～30%;车内VOCs浓度与温度及车辆使用年限密切相关.     

Quantity and activity of ammonia-oxidizing archaea and bacteria and their contribution to ammonia oxidation in farmland soil of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau北大核心CSCD

Ammonia oxidation, the first and rate-limiting step of nitrification, is mainly performed by ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB). However, the activities of AOA and AOB in soil and their relative contribution to ammonia oxidation are unclear, and whether there is a significant correlation between the quantity of AOA and AOB and the ammonia oxidation rate is also controversial. In this study, quantitative PCR combined with acetylene (C2H2) and 1-octyne inhibition methods were used to determine the quantity and activity of AOA and AOB in wheat, highland barley, and oilseed rape soils in Nyingchi, Lhatse, Sangzhuzi, and Sangri counties on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The results showed that the quantity of AOB ((2.34 ± 0.84) ×105 - (2.65 ± 1.07) ×106 copies g-1 dry soil) was significantly higher than that of AOA ((0.20 ± 0.10) ×104 - (4.02 ± 0.39) ×104 copies g-1 dry soil) in all the soil samples. Soil pH was the key factor affecting the quantity of AOB, and the total phosphorus and ammonium nitrogen in soil were the key factors affecting the quantity of AOA. The rates of ammonia oxidation in the farmland soils of Lhatse (2.42 ± 0.73 mg kg-1 d-1) and Sangzhuzi (3.24 ± 1.15 mg kg-1 d-1) were significantly higher than those in the soils of Nyingchi (1.17 ± 0.43 mg kg-1 d-1) and Sangri counties (0.88 ± 0.57 mg kg-1 d-1). The rates of ammonia oxidation in the farmland soils of Lhatse and Sangzhuzi were dominated by AOB, while those in the farmland soils of Nyingchi and Sangri counties were dominated by AOA. For crops, the ammonia oxidation rates of wheat and oilseed rape soils in all four regions were significantly higher than those of highland barley soil, whereas the activity of AOA and AOB was not influenced by crops. The ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus was the key factor influencing AOA activity, whereas soil pH and total carbon were the main factors influencing AOB activity. Additionally, the quantities of AOA and AOB were not significantly correlated with the total ammonia oxidation rates and AOA and AOB activity. Overall, our study suggests that both AOA and AOB play important roles in ammonia oxidation in farmland soils of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Moreover, it is unreliable to predict the activity of AOA and AOB and their relative contribution to ammonia oxidation directly based on their number of amoA genes, and the activity of AOA and AOB should be directly and accurately measured. These results are important for understanding ammonia nitrogen removal processes, slowing nitrate loss, and reducing the emission of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide in the farmland ecosystem of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. © 2022 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

用膨润土处理油田污水的研究进展

介绍了膨润土的基本特性及其存油田污水处理中的研究情况。天然膨润土经改性后,可吸附去除油田污水中的油、烃类衍生物、注聚残留聚合物及表面活性剂;负载金属氧化物的改性膨润土可对光催化氧化产生协同效应,提高光催化氧化油田污水中有机物的能力;在高压下将膨润土制成薄膜,对油田污水中的无机离了有一定的截留去除作用。     

NaCl,Na2CO3胁迫下星星草根际K^＋,Na^＋,Ca^2＋的生理行为

对星星草施加25～600mmol·L－1NaCl及12．5～200mmol·L－1Na2CO3的盐胁迫处理，分析其根际K＋、Na＋、Ca2＋的生理行为．结果表明：Na2CO3对培养液中K＋、Na＋、Ca2＋活度的影响大于NaCl，其中Na2CO3使Ca2＋活度极度下降；营养液中K＋、Na＋、Ca2＋活度与星星草根中K＋、Na＋含量密切相关，其中，根中K＋、Na＋含量与营养液中Ca2＋活度和Na＋活度平方之比即（Ca2＋）／（Na＋）2之间具有一致的曲线关系，根系环境中的（Ca2＋）／（Na＋）2对植物K＋、Na＋吸收有决定性作用．星星草地上部分K＋、Na＋含量与其根中K＋、Na＋含量也相关．根（DW）中K＋在0．38～0．52mmol·g－1间可维持地上部分K＋含量基本稳定．根中Na＋含量较低时，地上部分Na＋含量随根中含量升高而平缓上升．但根中Na＋高至一定值时，地上部分Na＋转而急剧上升，提示星星草在由根向上转运K＋、Na＋的过程中有一定调控作用．     

几种重金属污染评价方法在稀土矿区中的应用

用离子型稀土矿区作为研究对象,采用单因子指数法、地积累指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法、潜在生态危害风险指数法对开采矿区、采矿下游区、采矿上游区和未开采区域污染程度和单因子污染程度进行评价分析.结果表明:四种方法的评价结果具有一致性,均显示开采矿区土壤重金属污染风险最大,采矿上游区和未开采矿区风险最低.另一方面,重金属单因...     

简易载货升降机断绳保险装置

简易载货升降机由于结构比较简单(如图1所示),往往没有断绳保险等安全装置,安全可靠性较差,以致经常发生设备和人身事故。看到贵刊1989年第1期刊登的《应加强对升降机的使用管理》一文及编者的话,颇有同感。 为了解决这一问题,我厂设计了一种断绳保险装置,很适合在图1所示的简易升降机上使用,并已通过企业主管部门和省、市劳动局的技术鉴定,由于这种断绳保险装置结构简单,安全可靠,造价低廉,性能良好,深受广大用户的欢迎。 本断绳保险装置结构简单(如图2所示),主要由钳座10、钳体12、副绳9、动轮8、轴柄7、扭转轴5、扭转弹簧6等组成。其中,…     

伏“虎”有方

伏“虎”有方赵荒家用电器给您的生活带来欢乐和轻松，但如果不懂或不注意安全用电，它就象只可怕的“老虎”，会给您带来巨大的不幸，请看下面几个镜头。──武汉市口区某青年女工下班归来，大汗淋漓，热不可耐。只见她甩掉高跟鞋，赤脚走到台扇前，一按琴键开关，连一声...     

世界各国“安全科学”的新进展——第一届世界安全科学大会梗概

<正> 第一届世界安全科学大会于1990年9月24日至26日在西德科隆市隆重召开。四十多个国家和地区的近1400人参加了这次大会。参加大会的代表有来自科学研究机构、高等教育院校以及从事安全相关自然科学、社会科学、医学、人文科学等领域的教授、学者和专家,也有来自工矿企业、实业界、规划设计单位、保险业、金融与法律界等部门的工