制造业集聚如何影响区域绿色发展福利?北大核心CSCDCSSCI

现有研究集中从经济效益和环境效益两个维度重点分析了制造业集聚的影响,而鲜有文献系统研究制造业集聚如何影响区域绿色发展福利。事实上,中国已转向高质量发展阶段,提高全社会绿色发展福利是高质量发展的内在要求和本质属性。该研究基于制造业集聚的独特视角,以外部经济理论为媒介,系统阐释了制造业集聚对绿色发展福利的影响机制;并以2003—2016年长江经济带110个城市的面板数据为样本,人工收集1840—1909年清朝在一系列不平等条约中被迫开放的通商口岸、1933年中国各城市是否通铁路以及城市的地形起伏度等变量作为内生变量的工具变量,多维度动态评估绿色发展福利水平,并采用控制空间溢出效应和内生性的GS2SLS方法系统考察了制造业集聚对区域绿色发展福利的影响效应,揭示其存在的空间外溢衰减规律,验证制造业集聚外部性对区域绿色发展福利的差异性影响。研究发现:(1)长江经济带绿色发展福利呈现“低水平块状集聚,高水平点状分布”的空间格局,未来潜力增长方向在上游地区;(2)适宜的制造业集聚可以提升区域绿色发展福利,过度的制造业集聚反而会抑制区域绿色发展福利的提高;(3)制造业集聚对区域绿色发展福利的影响随空间距离的增大而减小,表现为“双峰”结构;(4)MAR外部性和Jacobs外部性有助于提升区域绿色发展福利,Porter外部性却表现为负向作用。为此,该研究从把握绿色发展福利演进规律、制定差异化区域政策、推进区域一体化建设及甄选适宜的产业集聚模式等方面提出相关政策建议,以期为推进长江经济带高质量发展和打造世界级的先进制造业集群提供理论支撑和经验证据。     

长江经济带耕地保护生态价值的时空特征与差别化补偿机制北大核心CSCDCSSCI

精准测算并分析耕地保护生态价值、空间外溢及其时空演变,对完善耕地保护激励机制、协调经济发展与生态保护、促进国土空间格局优化和区域均衡发展具有重要指导意义。文章基于耕地生态保护全价值视角和粮食安全视角测算长江经济带耕地保护生态价值量、空间外溢量及其时空变化量,针对性设计差别化的耕地保护生态补偿标准。在此基础上,构建政府与市场合作、纵向与横向结合、财权与事权匹配的差别化耕地保护生态补偿机制。结果表明:2000—2019年长江经济带耕地保护生态价值量及外溢量分别增长了7028.13亿元和4862.58亿元,其中外溢量占价值量的比重上升到67.42%。经济带耕地保护生态价值分布不均衡,空间重心有向上游地区转移趋势。经测算,长江经济带20年来耕地保护生态补偿额度增长了17.61倍,补偿标准由362.02元/hm2增长为4629.59元/hm2,各省份耕地保护生态补偿标准为1789.04~118474.84元/hm2,差异悬殊。经济带耕地保护生态价值量、外溢量、补偿量表现出明显的增长趋势、空间差异和尺度依赖特征。研究结论:耕地保护生态补偿标准设计必须综合考虑耕地保护生态价值外溢、区域差异、尺度依赖、事权匹配等内外部因素,提高补偿精度和针对性。可从生态功能认知、补偿区域划分、补偿标准设计、补偿方式组合、补偿资金管理、补偿政策保障等方面系统构建政府与市场合作、纵向与横向结合、财权与事权匹配的差别化耕地保护生态补偿机制,创新耕地保护激励机制与政策。     

基于SDGs及旅游竞争力指数的旅游型城市可持续发展评估——以桂林市为例北大核心CSCDCSSCI

建立旅游型城市可持续发展评价技术体系是科学识别旅游型城市发展问题、定量评估其可持续发展状况的关键举措。文章基于联合国可持续发展目标体系(SDGs)和旅游竞争力指数评估实践,构建了由3大系统、14个支柱、37个独立指标和6个综合指标组成的旅游型城市可持续发展评价指标体系,采用基于变异系数—熵权法的指标线性加权判断方法,并引入耦合度及耦合协调度分析、灰色关联度分析、障碍度分析等技术方法建立综合评价技术体系。以桂林市(国务院第一批批准建设的国家可持续发展议程创新示范区,国家发展改革委首次批准建设的国际旅游胜地)为评价对象,对其2008—2019年连续12年的可持续发展水平进行分析,结果显示:(1)桂林市可持续发展水平呈现波动上升趋势,2008—2019年综合得分由26.26分提升至50.10分,其中社会治理系统得分提升34.79分,景观资源系统得分提升27.41分,经济动力系统得分提升6.14分,经济动力不足是制约桂林市可持续发展水平的短板。(2)在14个支柱中经济开放度和科技创新支柱得分下降、亟需在后续发展规划中重点关注,景观资源保护支柱得分未发生明显变化、有进一步提升的潜力,其余11个支柱得分均有所提升,尤其是旅游安全与健康医疗支柱得分提升明显。(3)景观资源、经济动力及社会治理三系统处于高水平耦合状态,耦合协调度从2008年的勉强失调型演变为2019年的初级协调发展型,但经济动力与景观资源、社会治理两系统的耦合协调度较低,经济新动能的培育是未来发展的关键。(4)从关联度上看,与桂林市可持续发展水平变化关联度最高的指标为道路密度、旅游资源开发利用程度、人均旅游接待人次、空气质量达标率;从障碍度上看,制约桂林市可持续发展水平提升的关键指标是地均星级饭店数量、万人非物质文化遗产数量、每万人口发明专利拥有量、贸易自由度,上述指标在未来桂林市可持续发展水平提升过程中需要重点关注。     

组态视角下企业绿色双元创新驱动路径北大核心CSCDCSSCI

绿色双元创新是企业获取绿色竞争优势的重要手段。基于TOE框架,探讨技术、组织、环境三方面要素对企业绿色双元创新绩效的组态效应以及不同要素之间的联动匹配关系。研究结果表明:驱动企业绿色双元创新需要技术、组织和环境多重因素的联动匹配。突破式绿色创新存在三条组态路径,分别是政府环境规制下技术因素与组织因素驱动型、市场绿色压力下技术因素与组织因素驱动型以及依托绿色技术能力的组织因素与环境因素驱动型,绿色技术能力、高管环保意识和高管绿色创新支持是突破式绿色创新的必要条件。渐进式绿色创新存在四条组态路径,分别是政府环境规制下绿色技术能力与组织因素驱动型、市场绿色压力下高管绿色创新支持与技术因素驱动型、依托绿色技术能力的高管环保意识与环境因素驱动型以及政府与市场双轮驱动下的绿色技术管理与组织因素驱动型。突破式绿色创新与渐进式绿色创新路径之间既存在差异也存在联系,但突破式绿色创新在技术、组织和环境方面的要求更高且更丰富。因此,企业应该根据自身实际情况,选择适宜的绿色双元创新实现路径,针对突破式绿色创新,应该进一步加强绿色技术能力、高管环保意识与高管绿色创新支持,关注企业内外部因素对突破式绿色创新的支撑情况。针对渐进式绿色创新,应重点关注绿色技术能力与高管绿色创新支持两个核心条件,有助于加快绿色产品和服务的优化升级。研究结果从多维交互视角系统归纳了企业绿色双元创新的差异化驱动路径,为促进企业绿色双元创新绩效提升提供了重要参考。     

A Variance Estimator for Constrained Estimates of Change in Relative Categorical Frequencies

Consistent estimators of change and state becomes an issue when sample data come from a mix of permanent and temporary observation units. A joint maximum likelihood estimator of state and change creates estimates of state that depend on antecedent viz. posterior survey results and may differ from estimates of state derived from a single-date analysis of the sample data. A constrained estimator of change in relative categorical frequencies that eliminates this potential inconsistency is proposed and a model based estimator of their sampling variance is developed. The performance of the constrained estimator is quantified against six criteria and a joint maximum likelihood estimator in simulated sampling from 15 populations with three combinations of permanent and temporary samples, four to six categorical class attributes, and constant size between sampling dates. Bias of the constrained estimators was negligible but larger than for joint maximum likelihood estimators. Mean absolute deviations and variances of constrained estimators were generally at par with the joint estimators. Constrained estimators of root mean square errors and achieved coverage of nominal confidence intervals of constrained estimators were occasionally better. A generalized variance function for the constrained estimates of change is provided as a computational shortcut.     

Development of monitoring technology for airborne particulate matter

Particulate matter suspended in the air has adverse effects onhuman health. Its level of concentration is an important parameter in evaluating the degree of hazard it poses to the atmosphere. Conventional methods used in measuring particulatematter are often filter-based, which indicates some disadvantagesbecause such a base requires labor and time. In this study, to achieve real-time measurements, a new electrical method was developed for measuring PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations. The basicprinciple is to electrically charge particles passing through thePM inlet using a corona charger and measure the currents createdby charged particles to obtain the number concentration of particulate matter. A new type inlet based on the particle cupimpactor configuration was designed and its performance was evaluated. A unipolar diffusion charger was developed and thecharger's efficiency was determined experimentally in terms ofPn, which represents the penetration through the charger,P, times the average charge number acquired by a particle,n, for different particle sizes. The correlation was constructed between the PM10 (or the PM2.5) mass concentrationsand the electrical currents due to particles, which were chargedby the diffusion charger.     

Laboratory and Field Assessment of Arsenic Testing Field Kits in Bangladesh and West Bengal, India

High concentrations of arsenic in ground waters in West Bengal and Bangladeshhave become a major cause for concern in recent years. Given the enormity and the severity of the problemof arsenic poisoning, a task of evaluating the commercially available arsenic detection field kits for their capabilities was undertaken. In the light of the findings, generic specificationswere recommended which could form the basis forindigenous manufacture of these kits in the arsenic affected countries. This article presents the results of the laboratory and fieldevaluation conducted in Bangladesh and West Bengalof five arsenic testing field kits. The salient features of the kits, their merits and limitationshave been brought out. Based on the criteria of kitdesign, quality of chemicals used, colourcomparator charts, detection range, time required for analysis, cost etc., a comparative ranking ofthe kits has been made to facilitate the choice of the kit to meet specific requirements.     

Recycling of petroleum-contaminated sand

The environmental impact of using petroleum-contaminated sand (PCS) as a substitute in asphalt paving mixtures was examined. An appreciable component of PCS is oily sludge, which is found as the dregs in oil storage tanks and is also produced as a result of oil spills on clean sand. The current method for the disposal of oily sludge is land farming. However, this method has not been successful as an oil content of < 1% w/w is required, and difficulty was encountered in reaching this target. The reuse of the sludge in asphalt paving mixtures was therefore considered as an alternative. Standard tests and environmental studies were conducted to establish the integrity of the materials containing the recycled sludge. These included physical and chemical characterization of the sludge itself, and an assessment of the mechanical properties of materials containing 0%, 5%, 22% and 50% oily sludge. The blended mixtures were subjected to special tests, such as Marshall testing and the determination of stability and flow properties. The experimental results indicated that mixtures containing up to 22% oily sludge could meet the necessary criteria for a specific asphalt concrete wearing course or bituminous base course. To maximize the assay from the recycled material, the environmental assessment was restricted to the 50% oily sludge mixture. Leachates associated with this particular mixture were assayed for total organic residue and certain hazardous metal contaminants. The results revealed that the organics were negligible, and the concentrations of the metals were not significant. Thus, no adverse environmental impact should be anticipated from the use of the recycled product. Our research showed that the disposal of oily sludge in asphalt paving mixtures could possibly yield considerable savings per tonne of asphalt concrete, and concurrently minimize any direct impact on the environment.     

Reduction and avoidance of lubricant mist demands an integrated assessment approach

A case study to identify major factors for lubricant mist exposure covered 15 metal machining sites. The investigation included milling, turning, drilling and grinding applications. Systematic analysis considered all relevant data concerning the machine tool, the lubricant and the suction plant. The efficiency of the implemented maintenance program at the installed filter systems was checked by concentration measurements immediately before and after service. All performed measurements of lubricant aerosol and vapor loads upstream and downstream of the installed filter systems were carried out according to VDI 2066 and BIA 3110, respectively. The selection criteria for the sites to be investigated, the systematic nature of the data acquisition and the procedure of the analysis are demonstrated in detail by performing comparisons between selected applications using emulsions and those employing straight oil for lubrication. The results of the study identify recirculation of ventilated air as the major source of workplace exposure to airborne lubricant emissions. More than 60% of the demisters investigated emit air at total lubricant loads (aerosols and vapor) above the limit of 20 mg m-3 at any time of operation; which also means immediately after service. A common reason for exceeded aerosol loads in recirculated air is e.g. the fact that the type of filter system applied is often not suitable for the separation problem. Loads of lubricant vapor are usually higher at the processes which use water emulsions as lubricant. In a quarter of the cases the limits were exceeded solely due to high vapor loads even immediately after service. The exposure can be reduced by replacing the lubricant, installation of a vapor separation plant or avoiding air recirculation. Maintenance time of the demisting system and aerosol separation efficiency of state-of-the-art demisting systems can be expanded by implementation of enhanced preliminary filter stages. This study confirms that appropriate service measures lower both aerosol emissions and lubricant vapor concentrations due to the reduction of exposed oil-wetted surfaces. The performed measurements show no significant relationship between loads of airborne lubricants and the type of machining process. Therefore, investigations at a much more detailed level have to be performed. However, the individual assessment of any workplace due to the complex situation remains essential.     

8-氨基喹啉-5-偶氮-对苯酚荧光光度法测定微量铬(Ⅵ)

在盐酸介质中,铬(Ⅵ)与AQAPOH形成可被氯仿萃取的荧光化合物,其λex/λem=295nm/400nm.线性范围为0-1.0μg Cr(Ⅵ)/25ml(水相),检测限为0.7μg/L.除Mn(Ⅶ)外,常见金属离子无干扰,可在数千倍Cr(Ⅲ)存在下测定废水中微量铬(Ⅵ).初步探讨了荧光反应的机理.