尼日利亚中部中生代花岗岩类的钾长石三斜度和痕量元素含量

<正> 尼日利亚的中生代年轻花岗岩区以具有不同程度锡矿化的火山杂岩和次生火山杂岩为特征。在广泛寻找原生矿床工作中,已利用矿物和地球化学的参数来圈定无矿和矿化花岗岩。锡矿化与这个岩区中的黑云母花岗岩、钠长石     

对美国金矿业基础的评价

<正> 引言1969年,美国对美元作了自动贬值。这一行动导致黄金价格在随后的4年里失去了控制,同时也使美国金矿业得到了复苏。本世纪70年代出现的极度通货膨胀导致了贵金属价格的急剧上涨。因此,人们对金矿的勘探和开采产生了日益增长的兴趣。少数幸存下来的采金者开始焕发了热情,他们都是在金价格长期固定不变而采金成本不断增加的情况下,靠勉强能维持收支平衡的利     

厂内工艺调整减少污泥

本文主要通过简单的工艺调整来减少入海处置污泥的体积,以降低处置费用。采用的技术包括;消化污泥回流、笔析、淘洗——再浓缩,以及高温消化。这里既可使用单项技术,也可多项并用。这类抟术极大部分可通过现有的设备和花费极少的费用付之实施。     

稀土元素在风化作用中的行为

<正> 承认沉积过程使火成岩形成时发生的REE分馏均一化的观点,势必会掩盖在风化作用中可以发生REE分馏的事实,并把沉积物运移过程引起的变化弄得含糊不清,而且也常常会(虽然不会总是)抹掉风化作用的证据。过去的二十年间,详尽研究了大陆风化期间REE的行为后开始阐述这些过程,同时还积累了一些证据,证实REE也受海底风化作用的影响,至少在一些实例中是这样。     

苏联地质学:成就和展望

<正> 苏联领土面积为22.4百万平方公里,占世界大陆总面积的六分之一。苏联拥有多种大型地质构造,如古老的东欧地台和西伯利亚地台及波罗的、乌克兰、阿尔丹和阿纳巴尔地盾,还包括显生宙的乌拉尔-蒙古、地中海和太平洋褶皱带(图1)的广阔区     

残余橄榄岩和部分熔融机理

<正> 一、引言部分熔融问题的研究,基本上有两种主要方法:(1)对于同位素均一的每种岩浆系列,可以用熔岩成分来计算原始液相的成分,进而模拟熔融过程;(2)通过研究熔融残余相的野外构造特征及其化学成分,有可能获得部分熔融过程中小规模作用的直接信息。     

基于地理加权回归模型评估土地利用对地表水质的影响

针对传统线性回归模型大多忽视空间数据局部变化特征这一缺陷,引入地理加权回归模型(GWR)用于评估土地利用对地表水质的影响,分析了不同子流域内两者关系出现空间变化的规律并阐释了原因.同时,对比了GWR模型与普通最小二乘模型(OLS)的校正R2、Akaike信息准则(AICc)及残差的空间自相关指数(Moran's I),验证了GWR模型在预测精度和处理空间自相关过程中是否优于OLS模型.结果表明,同一土地利用类型对水质的影响随空间位置的改变而发生方向或大小的变化.以温瑞塘河流域总氮(TN)与农用地的关系为例,从GWR模型局部回归系数的方向分析,两者关系表现为农村正、城区负的现象,从大小分析,旧城区TN与农用地回归系数的绝对值高于其它区域;在溶解氧(DO)与人口密度所构建的GWR模型中,两者关系在整个研究区域内均表现为负值,与OLS结果吻合,从回归系数的大小分析,人口密度对DO的作用在郊区及农村更为显著.针对此类关系出现空间变化的原因分析表明,相邻子流域土地利用百分比的改变及水体主要污染源的不同,是导致土地利用对水质作用发生变化的根本因素.最后,对比所构建的80个GWR与OLS模型校正R2、AICc指标,验证了GWR作为一种局部统计模型,其预测精度优于OLS等传统全局模型且更能反映实际空间特征.     

Apportioning aldehydes: Quantifying industrial sources of carbonyls

<正>In their recent Journal of Environmental Sciences publication,Wang and colleagues provide field evidence that industrial activities can contribute substantially to atmospheric carbonyl concentrations(Wang et al.,2015).These results may helpto explain underestimations of carbonyl emissions in currently available emission inventories,and highlight the need for an improved understanding of industrial sources of this class of compounds.In the atmosphere,carbonyl compounds photolyze to yield     

Characterization of the archaeal community fouling a membrane bioreactor

Biofilm formation, one of the primary causes of biofouling, results in reduced membrane flux or increased transmembrane pressure and thus represents a major impediment to the wider implementation of membrane bioreactor(MBR) technologies for water purification. Most studies have focused on the role of bacteria in membrane fouling as they are the most dominant and best studied organisms present in the MBR. In contrast, there is limited information on the role of the archaeal community in biofilm formation in MBRs. This study investigated the composition of the archaeal community during the process of biofouling in an MBR. The archaeal community was observed to have lower richness and diversity in the biofilm than the sludge during the establishment of biofilms at low transmembrane pressure(TMP). Clustering of the communities based on the Bray–Curtis similarity matrix indicated that a subset of the sludge archaeal community formed the initial biofilms. The archaeal community in the biofilm was mainly composed of Thermoprotei, Thermoplasmata,Thermococci, Methanopyri, Methanomicrobia and Halobacteria. Among them, the Thermoprotei and Thermoplasmata were present at higher relative proportions in the biofilms than they were in the sludge. Additionally, the Thermoprotei, Thermoplasmata and Thermococci were the dominant organisms detected in the initial biofilms at low TMP, while as the TMP increased, the Methanopyri, Methanomicrobia, Aciduliprofundum and Halobacteria were present at higher abundances in the biofilms at high TMP.