The effects of salinity,temperature and sediment on the toxicity of copper to juvenile Hediste (Nereis) diversicolor (O. F. Muller)

Without sediment, increasing salinity (7.3 to 29.2) and increasing temperature (12 to 22 °C) reduced the toxicity of copper to juvenile Hediste diversicolor. The LC₅₀ values ranged from 357 gL^-1 in 7.3 to 513 g L^-1 in 29.2 at 12°C and from 247 to 500 g L^-1 at 22°C. In deionized water all the juvenile were dead in all solutions to which copper was added (100 to 600 g L^-1). Dead worms were swollen and everted their pharynxs. In higher doses of copper (500 to 600 g L^-1) the worms were abnormal in behaviour in all salinities (0 to 29.2). The ability to swim or crawl was disturbed.With sediments increasing temperature and increasing salinity increased the toxicity of copper to the worms. The LC₅₀ values ranged from 3200 to 4100 g L^-1 at 22°C. The response of the juvenile to copper was antagonistic to increasing temperature and salinity and synergistic to increasing salinity and increasing temperature without and with the sediment respectively.     

Statistical analyses of regional surface water quality in southeastern Ontario

Historical records from Ontario's Provincial Water Quality Monitoring Network (PWQMN) for rivers and streams were analyzed to assess the feasibility of mapping regional water quality patterns in southeastern Ontario which spans two major geologic zones, the Precambrian Shield and the St. Lawrence Lowlands, thus serving as a paradigm for much of Ontario. Despite biases toward the populated Lowlands and associated pollution problems, general spatial trends are evident via the analysis of intervariable relations, individual parameter maps and multivariate analysis. Using a robust algorithm designed to identify outliers and abstract underlying bivariate relations, a linear regional hardness-alkalinity relation was derived, where most anomalies proved to be mine drainage impacted sites. Regionally, multivariate ordination reveals that central tendencies of common indicators of ionic strength and nutrient richness correlate positively and that site clusters broadly reflect the transition from oligotrophic Shield waters to eutrophic conditions of heavily agricultural Lowland streams. Results suggest that on the Shield more precisely delineated aquatic regions may be realized by applying GIS to integrate river and synoptic lake survey data. Further synthesis with bedrock and surficial geology, physiography, pedology and other temporally invariant spatial attributes should yield regional patterns of background quality from which locally attainable water objectives might be defined. Additional synoptic surveys of sedimentary Lowland streams may be required as most available sites relflect anthropogenic pollution.     

Trace metals in interstitial waters from sandstones: acidic inputs to shallow groundwaters

There is some evidence from southern Britain that shallow groundwaters in non-carbonate lithologies may be affected by acidic deposition. To investigate this, interstitial water profiles down to 12 m have been obtained from unsaturated sands or semi-consolidated sandstones from the Folkestone Beds (Lower Greensand) of Surrey and the Sherwood Sandstone of the West Midlands. The pH of the interstitial waters generally increased with depth and reflected an increase in the base saturation of the exchange complex. Beneath the highly acidic surface soil horizons (pH 3.0-3.5), interstitial waters with a pH of 4.0-4.5 were found down to depths of several metres. The pH progressively increased to around pH 5.5 because of base cation desorption and the weathering of silicate minerals. High concentrations of aluminium (10-20 mg litre(-1)) and other metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni, Co, Zn, Be) were found in the interstitial water in the upper unsaturated zone. Most metal concentrations were strongly pH-dependent but also reflected the geochemical characteristics of the parent sands or sandstones. H+ and trace element concentrations were slightly higher beneath areas of afforestation than beneath heathland. The downward fluxes of solutes have been estimated using rainfall-derived chloride as a non-reactive solute. The profiles retain a record of 10-20 years input allowing the past inputs from SO4 and other species to be estimated using solute/chloride ratios. Cation exchange sites are probably depleted over a period of decades and there can be a significant decrease in the unsaturated zone pH as a result of increased or sustained acidic deposition. The shallow groundwater environment (0-15 m) in non-carbonate terrains is therefore a sensitive environment where high metal concentrations may be generated and may ultimately lead to water quality problems in shallow water supplies.     

Relation between mortality of young walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) and recruitment with different forms of compensation

The relation between mortality of young fish and recruitment is important for assessment of the environmental effects of facilities that kill large numbers of young fish, such as electric power stations and hydropower plants. A simulation model with a bioenergetic growth component was applied to examine the relation between mortality of young and recruitment for walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) with different forms of population regulation, including: food limited growth, food limited growth with size-dependent mortality, and food limited growth with age at maturity dependent on size. With food limited growth small increases in mortality of young reduced recruitment considerably, but the population slowly approached a new equilibrium. If mortality of young increased when growth was food limited, the population approached a new equilibrium of natality and mortality because with fewer individuals there was more food per individual, and individuals were larger in size and produced more eggs; this feedback adjusted natality to equal mortality. With either mortality or age at maturity dependent on size, large increases in mortality of young resulted in only small decreases in recruitment.     

Co-ordination for disasters

This paper was prepared in 1978 on the basis of a review of sociological and anthropological fieldwork conducted up to that time. Although theoretical in presentation its conclusions are formulated in accordance with the author's own extensive observations of organizational response to natural disasters in developing countries, especially those having sudden onset. Practical implications for co-ordination agencies and pre-disaster training are drawn.     

Evaluation and selection strategy for green supply chain using interval-valued q-rung orthopair fuzzy combinative distance-based assessment

Environment, Development and Sustainability - Environmental deterioration and global warming has created a substantial impact on international companies to incorporate eco-friendly, green supply...     

Environmental management systems in the architectural,engineering and construction sectors: a roadmap to aid the delivery of the sustainable development goals

Environment, Development and Sustainability - Realisation of the sustainable development goals (SDGs) will provide improvements to people's lives and longevity of the planet. The architectural,...     

SWOT analysis of renewable energy sector in Mazowieckie Voivodeship (Poland): current progress,prospects and policy implications

Environment, Development and Sustainability - Renewable energy (RE) plays an increasingly important role in the economy of almost every country in the world. In order to examine the state of...     

GIS-based mapping of water-level fluctuations (WLF) and its impact on groundwater in an Agrarian District in Tamil Nadu,India

Environment, Development and Sustainability - This study describes the results of groundwater table variation in Thanjavur District before and after the monsoon seasons. Groundwater-level data...     

Reproductive Success of Marginal Populations of Dactylorhiza maculata (L.) Soó (Orchidaceae)

Russian Journal of Ecology - Populations at the border of ranges are considered more vulnerable than those in the center. However, some recent reviews contradict this hypothesis. We have studied...