一体式膜生物反应器中胞外聚合物的提取方法比较及其对膜污染的影响

本文对一体式膜生物反应器中胞外聚合物(EPS)的提取方法及其对膜污染的影响进行了试验研究,结果表明:胞外聚合物提取方法中,物理方法中的热提法较为简便易行,适当的振荡频率可以提高提取效率,超声波法(30 W-6 min)是可行的提取方法,硫酸法、EDTA法和甲醛-NaOH法联用可以用于活性污泥提取EPS,其中甲醛-NaO...     

Simulating dynamic and mixed-severity fire regimes: A process-based fire extension for LANDIS-II

Fire regimes result from reciprocal interactions between vegetation and fire that may be further affected by other disturbances, including climate, landform, and terrain. In this paper, we describe fire and fuel extensions for the forest landscape simulation model, LANDIS-II, that allow dynamic interactions among fire, vegetation, climate, and landscape structure, and incorporate realistic fire characteristics (shapes, distributions, and effects) that can vary within and between fire events. We demonstrate the capabilities of the new extensions using two case study examples with very different ecosystem characteristics: a boreal forest system from central Labrador, Canada, and a mixed conifer system from the Sierra Nevada Mountains (California, USA). In Labrador, comparison between the more complex dynamic fire extension and a classic fire simulator based on a simple fire size distribution showed little difference in terms of mean fire rotation and potential severity, but cumulative burn patterns created by the dynamic fire extension were more heterogeneous due to feedback between fuel types and fire behavior. Simulations in the Sierra Nevada indicated that burn patterns were responsive to topographic features, fuel types, and an extreme weather scenario, although the magnitude of responses depended on elevation. In both study areas, simulated fire size and resulting fire rotation intervals were moderately sensitive to parameters controlling the curvilinear response between fire spread and weather, as well as to the assumptions underlying the correlation between weather conditions and fire duration. Potential fire severity was more variable within the Sierra Nevada landscape and also was more sensitive to the correlation between weather conditions and fire duration. The fire modeling approach described here should be applicable to questions related to climate change and disturbance interactions, particularly within locations characterized by steep topography, where temporally or spatially dynamic vegetation significantly influences spread rates, where fire severity is variable, and where multiple disturbance types of varying severities are common.     

水动力对沉积物-水界面氧通量产生机制的影响

选取三峡库区支流御临河为研究对象,测量了5个水动力条件（平均流速为0.00,0.03,0.07,0.12,0.20m/s）下沉积物-水界面（SWI）氧通量的变化及水动力条件对SWI氧通量产生机制的影响.结果表明,随着平均流速的升高,SWI氧通量增加,由0.00m/s时的1.197mmol/（m²·h）增加为0.20m/s时的43.981mmol/（m²·h）,溶解氧穿透深度增加,氧进入沉积物更深处并被微生物和还原性物质所利用,沉积物耗氧量上升;当平均流速较低时,沉积物耗氧量以生物耗氧量为主,在0.00m/s与0.03m/s时生物耗氧量为氧通量的85.3%与57.7%;当水体平均流速较高,化学耗氧量与其他耗氧量中的化学过程耗氧量在氧通量中的比重逐步提高.     

A rare case of de novo structural rearrangement of X chromosome diagnosed by amniocentesis

A dicentric X chromosome was found in a female fetus during cytogenetic studies performed on amniotic cells. Blood samples from the parents showed normal karyotypes and the pregnancy was terminated. The mechanism for the formation of this ‘de novo’ rearrangement is discussed.     

Air Quality Modeling Using the PSO-SVM-Based Approach,MLP Neural Network,and M5 Model Tree in the Metropolitan Area of Oviedo (Northern Spain)

The main aim of this study was to construct several regression models of air quality using techniques based on the statistical learning, in the metropolitan area of Oviedo, in northern Spain. In this research, a hybrid particle swarm optimization-based evolutionary support vector regression is implemented to predict the air quality from the experimental dataset (specifically, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone, and dust) collected from 2013 to 2015 in the metropolitan area of Oviedo. Furthermore, a multilayer perceptron network (MLP) and the M5 model tree were also fitted to the experimental dataset for comparison purposes. Finally, the predicted results show that the hybrid proposed model is more robust than the MLP and M5 model tree prediction methods in terms of statistical estimators and testing performances.     

鞘氨醇单胞菌:降解芳香化合物的新型微生物资源

鞘氨醇单胞菌属是一类丰富的新型微生物资源,可用于芳香化合物的生物降解.该属菌株凭借自身的高代谢能力与多功能的生理特性,在环境保护及工业生产方面具有巨大的应用潜力.但是由于对鞘氨醇单胞菌的认识较晚,该菌的生态价值及经济价值很少被关注,对其的研究也停留在初级阶段.本文综述了鞘氨醇单胞菌属自发现以来的研究进展,包括生理生化特性的描述、分类学研究、生物高聚物的合成、特殊组分鞘脂以及相关酶与基因的研究,并结合目前国际研究的热点,提出值得进一步探讨和研究的问题.     

丛枝茵根真菌Gigaspora margarita孢子伴生菌群效应分析

丛枝菌根真菌的孢子表面存在与之伴生的微生物类群,其中以细菌为主.本文以不同处理方式的珍珠巨孢囊霉(Gigaspora margarita)孢子与白三叶草(Trifolium repens L.)进行共培养试验.试验分为4组:A,孢子经表面消毒;B,孢子表面消毒后并回接伴生菌;C,孢子未经表面消毒;D,孢子存在于土壤接种物中.以灭菌的蛭石为基质,修改的Hoagland营养液作为补充营养,在相对无杂菌的环境中培养3 mo,并取样观察.结果表明,处理A的植株茎叶鲜(干)重显著低于其它处理,根系鲜重无显著差异.菌根侵染率以D处理最高,A与B、C之间存在不显著的差异.产孢数量以A最少,并与B、C之间存在显著性差异.以PCR-DGGE技术分析各处理之间孢子伴生细菌的种群差异.结果显示,A处理与其它处理间存在较大的差异.其它处理间差异较小.分析认为,伴生菌群对G.margarita及其宿主植物的生命活动起着直接或间接的影响.     

Urban wild meat consumption and trade in central Amazonia

The switch from hunting wild meat for home consumption to supplying more lucrative city markets in Amazonia can adversely affect some game species. Despite this, information on the amounts of wild meat eaten in Amazonian cities is still limited. We estimated wild meat consumption rates in 5 cities in the State of Amazonas in Brazil through 1046 door-to-door household interviews conducted from 2004 to 2012. With these data, we modeled the relationship between wild meat use and a selection of socioeconomic indices. We then scaled up our model to determine the amounts of wild meat likely to be consumed annually in the 62 urban centers in central Amazonia. A total of 80.3% of all interviewees reported consuming wild meat during an average of 29.3 (CI 11.6) days per year. Most wild meat was reported as bought in local markets (80.1%) or hunted by a family member (14.9%). Twenty-one taxa were cited as consumed, mostly mammals (71.6%), followed by reptiles (23.2%) and then birds (5.2%). The declared frequency of wild meat consumption was positively correlated with the proportion of rural population as well as with the per capita gross domestic product of the municipality (administrative divisions) where the cities were seated. We estimated that as much as 10,691 t of wild meat might be consumed annually in the 62 urban centers within central Amazonia, the equivalent of 6.49 kg per person per year. In monetary terms, this amounts to US$21.72 per person per year or US$35.1 million overall, the latter figure is comparable to fish and timber production in the region. Given this magnitude of wild meat trade in central Amazonia, it is fundamental to integrate this activity into the formal economy and actively develop policies that allow the trade of more resilient taxa and restrict trade in species sensitive to hunting.     

领导非权变惩罚对安全偏离行为的影响——消极情绪和道德推脱的链式中介作用

为明晰领导非权变惩罚、消极情绪、道德推脱对安全偏离行为的作用机理,在文献研究的基础上,建立了四者关系的假设模型.采用领导非权变惩罚量表、消极情绪量表、道德推脱量表和安全偏离行为量表对397名矿工进行调查,通过SPSS和AMOS进行相关分析和中介效应检验验证假设模型.结果 表明:领导非权变惩罚、消极情绪、道德推脱和安全偏离行为两两之间均呈显著正相关;领导非权变惩罚不仅可以直接影响矿工安全偏离行为,还可以通过消极情绪和道德推脱的独立中介作用及两者的链式中介作用3条路径间接影响矿工安全偏离行为.有效干预领导非权变惩罚、消极情绪和道德推脱,可减少矿工安全偏离行为,降低人因失误.     

自然型氨基酸及其钾盐的 CO2吸收和再生特性

在CO2吸收过程中,选择具有不挥发和不发生氧化降解特性的氨基酸盐吸收剂有助于降低吸收剂损失和减轻环境污染风险,故本研究以CO2吸收速率和再生速率为指标,对L-精氨酸和精氨酸钾（PA）吸收剂的CO2吸收性能和常压下热再生性能进行了实验分析,并研究了吸收剂质量分数、反应温度及吸收-再生循环次数对CO2吸收特性的影响,同时还与乙醇胺（MEA）、二乙醇胺（DEA）和三乙醇胺（TEA）进行了对比分析.结果表明,在实验的质量分数范围内,PA具有最高的CO2吸收速率和吸收能力,分别为24.5×10-3mol.（L.min）-1和1.99 mol.mol-1,比相同质量分数的MEA高2.1%和290.2%.温度影响结果表明,40℃时PA和MEA的CO2吸收速率均高于其他实验温度.相同再生条件下,PA的贫液CO2负荷要略高于MEA,但PA的再生程度可达72.8%,比MEA高19%.同时,3次＂吸收-再生＂循环之后,10%PA的CO2吸收能力仍可保持在1.03mol.mol-1,比10%MEA高255.2%.实验结果也表明,L-精氨酸具有较强的CO2吸收能力,其CO2吸收速率与同质量分数的DEA可比.