预涂动态膜-生物反应器处理人工废水的试验研究

以公称孔径为1 μm的聚丙烯无纺布(NWF)为基膜,分别以粉末状活性炭、粉末状活性炭及聚合氯化铝为预涂剂,制作预涂动态膜膜组件,组成预涂动态膜-生物反应器处理人工废水.结果表明,预涂动态膜-生物反应器出水COD值低且稳定,粉末状活性炭预涂膜-生物反应器出水COD平均值为49 mg/L,粉末状活性炭及聚合氯化铝预涂膜-生物反应器出水COD平均值为29 mg/L,而NWF-膜生物反应器出水COD为54 mg/L.膜生物反应器对污染物质的去除虽然主要依靠活性污泥混合液,但附着在基膜上的动态膜的吸附、混凝作用也能去除部分污染物质.预涂膜能减少及防止污染物质向膜材料表面和内部扩散,减轻膜污染,使预涂动膜-生物反应器显示出一定的耐污染性能.但粉末状活性炭粒径过小,影响粉末状活性炭预涂动态膜-生物反应器的出水浊度(平均值为3.3 NTU);而粉末状活性炭与聚合氯化铝形成的预涂动态膜,在提高COD去除效率的同时,能减少活性炭对出水浊度(平均值为2.3 NTU)的影响,保证出水水质.     

气泡雾化细水雾灭油盘火的试验研究与机理分析

为研究气泡雾化细水雾灭火的机理和影响因素,利用自行研制的气泡雾化细水雾系统进行了以汽油油盘火为火源的灭火试验,改变气泡雾化细水雾喷头的压力和流量,记录不同工况下的灭火时间、火焰温度、辐射热和火焰形态的变化,对气泡雾化细水雾的灭火过程进行分类,分析各类灭火过程的主要灭火机理和压力与流量对灭火有效性的影响规律.结果表明,气泡雾化细水雾针对汽油油盘火具有良好的灭火效果,其灭火过程可分为瞬时灭火、短时间灭火和长时间灭火3种类型,每种类型的灭火过程有不同的主要灭火机理.     

上海海域水污染源的变化趋势

上海海域污染物主要来源于沿岸废水的排放和长江、黄浦江的携带。依据环保、水文、海洋部门发布的区域水环境质量公报，提取1981-2006年间上海水环境资料。分析城市废水排放、长江口和黄浦江污染物的排放。探讨上海海域水污染源的变化趋势。可得：过去25年。上海市年废水排放量在17．75-24．20亿t之间。其中。工业废水排放量持续减少，2000年以来工业废水排放的氰化物、重金属和砷的含量稳定在低值附近；生活废水排放量持续增长．其主要污染物为有机物。生活废水排放量与人口的增长呈正相关。过去25年上海市人均年生活废水的排放量增加了2．7倍。年增长量最大时达25％。近年来长江入海污染物的月通量在25．9～209．6万t之间；月通量在冬末最小．夏季最大；冬、夏季的差别达2．3～8．1倍。不同季节长江携带入海污染物的总量与长江径流量呈正相关：但多年比较。长江年排放入海污染物总量与其年径流量关系不显。黄浦江携带入海的污染物总量约占同期长江的1．2％～4％。近年来。上海排放到海域的有机污染物约相当于长江排放量的8％-25％，排放的重金属含量小于长江排放量的万分之三。     

面向循环经济的企业绩效评价指标体系研究

知识经济和循环经济是21世纪国际社会推进可持续发展的两大新的实践模式。为了评价企业实施循环经济的绩效．本文探讨了面向循环经济的企业评价指标的特点、原则和层次。给出了面向循环经济的企业绩效评价指标体系的结构及其评价方法。     

塔里木上游灌区的面源污染现状及控制措施

塔里木灌区大灌大排既造成水资源浪费，又加重面源污染。对塔里木流域农业面源污染的现状进行了分析，并提出了控制面源污染的对策。     

中美公共安全管理比较

基于比较的视角对中美公共安全管理从发展历程、管理组织、管理原则和系统管理与阶段管理4个方面进行分析,发现:美国公共安全管理以法律为基础,依法运行,我国多是以历史实践为基础,以行政为手段;非政府组织在美国公共安全管理中占有重要地位,而我国非政府组织的参与力度非常薄弱,我国的志愿者组织也很不完善;美国的公共安全管理原则有坚强的理论支撑,而我国的公共安全管理理论支撑则相对薄弱;美国公共安全管理系统性、一致性明显好于我国。建议我国公共安全管理增强合法性,加强法制建设;培育政府之外的社会力量;加强公共安全管理的理论研究;进一步完善公共安全管理的系统管理与阶段管理,使其具有更高的理论水平和科技水准。     

基于火灾统计数据的火灾形势综合评价和定量预测

火灾统计分析是研究火灾随机性规律的有效方法,它通过总结、整理和分析大量的火灾原始资料,归纳出火灾发生的统计规律.利用多属性综合评价法可对火灾统计数据进行深层次的开发和利用;同时应用预测学原理,建立了我国火灾形势的二次指数平滑预测模型,结果表明火灾总体呈发展趋势.     

哈尔滨市短临天气预报研究

从短临预报的定义和内容出发，就短临预报业务系统流程、地面要素加密信息收集显示、多普勒雷达预警信息和预报指标、重大灾害性短临预报的气象要素信息／预警信息／预报指标及物理量、不稳定指数预警信息／预报指标及合并显示、卫星云图降水／冰雹估计、3h降水／温度预报方法、预报编辑系统设计等方面，阐述了哈尔滨市短临预报业务的建设过程及其开展的方式、方法。     

Evaluation of the phosphorus source component in the phosphorus index for pastures

A phosphorus (P) index for pastures was developed to write nutrient management plans that determine how much P can be applied to a given field. The objectives of this study were to (i) evaluate and compare the P index for pastures, particularly the P source component, and an environmental threshold soil test P level by conducting rainfall simulations on contrasting soils under various management scenarios; and (ii) evaluate the P index for pastures on field-scale watersheds. Poultry litter was applied to 12 small plots on each of six farms based on either an environmental threshold soil test P level or on the P index for pastures, and P runoff was evaluated using rainfall simulators. The P index was also evaluated from two small (0.405 ha) watersheds that had been fertilized annually with poultry litter since 1995. Results from the small plot study showed that soil test P alone was a poor predictor of P concentrations in runoff water following poultry litter applications. The relationship between P in runoff and the amount of soluble P applied was highly significant. Furthermore, P concentrations in runoff from plots with and without litter applications were significantly correlated to P index values. Studies on pastures receiving natural rainfall and annual poultry litter applications indicated that the P index for pastures predicted P loss accurately without calibration (y = 1.16x - 0.23, r(2) = 0.83). These data indicate that the P index for pastures can accurately assess the risk of P loss from fields receiving poultry litter applications in Arkansas and provide a more realistic risk assessment than threshold soil test P levels.     

Development of a phosphorus index for pastures fertilized with poultry litter--factors affecting phosphorus runoff

Currently, several state and federal agencies are proposing upper limits on soil test phosphorus (P), above which animal manures cannot be applied, based on the assumption that high P concentrations in runoff are due to high soil test P. Recent studies show that other factors are more indicative of P concentrations in runoff from areas where manure is being applied. The original P index was developed as an alternative P management tool incorporating factors affecting both the source and transport of P. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of multiple variables on P concentrations in runoff water and to construct a P source component of a P index for pastures that incorporates these effects. The evaluated variables were: (i) soil test P, (ii) soluble P in poultry litter, (iii) P in poultry diets, (iv) fertilizer type, and (v) poultry litter application rate. Field studies with simulated rainfall showed that P runoff was affected by the amount of soluble P applied in the fertilizer source. Before manure applications, soil test P was directly related to soluble P concentrations in runoff water. However, soil test P had little effect on P runoff after animal manure was applied. Unlike most other P indices, weighting factors of the P source components in the P index for pastures are based on results from runoff studies conducted under various management scenarios. As a result, weighting factors for the P source potential variables are well justified. A modification of the P index using scientific data should strengthen the ability of the P index concept to evaluate locations and management alternatives for P losses.