呼包鄂地区冬季、夏季PM2.5污染特征

基于PMF模型源解析结果分析了呼包鄂地区冬季、夏季主要污染源及污染特征.物质重构结果表明,有机物(19. 9%～44. 6%)、地壳物质(9. 7%～46. 2%)在呼包鄂地区受体PM_2.5中占有较大比重.源解析结果表明,冬季各类源对PM_2.5的分担率大小依次为:二次源(26. 7%)>燃煤源(26. 1%)>机动车源(19. 1%)>扬尘源(18. 1%),夏季则为二次源(26. 7%)>扬尘源(22. 3%)>燃煤源(16. 6%)>机动车源(15. 1%)> SOC(8. 7%),可以看出二次源在呼包鄂地区冬季和夏季均为首要贡献源类,冬季燃煤源、夏季扬尘源对呼包鄂地区的影响较大.分析冬季、夏季典型污染过程,对应于源解析结果,冬季主要污染源为二次源、燃煤源,夏季为二次源.     

铁铜双金属有机骨架MIL-101(Fe,Cu)活化双氧水降解染料性能

针对非均相芬顿传质效率低和Fe(Ⅲ)→Fe(Ⅱ)转化慢导致活性低等问题,采用溶剂热法制备铁铜双金属有机骨架材料[MIL-101(Fe,Cu)],并研究了材料界面性质、催化降解染料(亚甲基蓝)性能以及活化催化机制.结果表明,MIL-101(Fe,Cu)晶体结构完整且呈三维八面体形状;比表面积和平均孔径分别为667.2 m²·g^-1和1.9 nm,可充分暴露反应活性位点.MIL-101(Fe,Cu)在广谱p H范围可活化H₂O₂高效降解亚甲基蓝.当p H=5、反应20 min,MIL-101(Fe,Cu)/H₂O₂对20mg·L^-1亚甲基蓝的去除率为100%,较MIL-101(Fe)/H₂O₂和单独H₂O₂分别提高43.1%和88.9%.自由基猝灭实验与反应前后铁和铜价态变化结果表明,羟基自由基(·OH)是MIL-101(Fe,Cu)/H_2<...     

成都府南河叶绿素a和氮、磷的分布特征与富营养化研究

通过对成都市府南河上中下游共21个断面叶绿素a和总溶解态氮(TDN)、总溶解态磷(TDP)含量的测定,绘制时空分布图,并应用SPSS 13.0统计软件分析了3个指标之间的相关性,初步评价了府南河的富营养化状况。结果表明,府南河叶绿素a含量不高,磷污染较为严重;相关性分析显示叶绿素a和TDP含量呈显著正相关关系,氮是河水富营养化的主要限制因子;按照叶绿素a的含量判定府南河基本属于贫营养化型,但按照氮、磷含量评价已达到富营养化水平。这对评价城市河流的富营养化状态及生态环境整治和恢复有着积极意义。     

广州某观测点春季大气样品中二NFDA1英日均浓度变化分析

在广州某商住区楼顶开展为期1个月的大气样品连续采样,利用高分辨气相色谱-高分辨质谱仪测定了样品中17种毒性二 NFDA1 英(PCDD/Fs)的含量。结果表明,该采样点位样品二 NFDA1 英I-TEQ浓度范围为0.094~1.34 pg I-TEQ/m³,样品日平均浓度相对偏差范围为3.2%~118.8%,6日平均浓度相对偏差范围为1.2%~60.1%,6日平均值更能较好地反映样品长期平均浓度。气象变化对样品中二 NFDA1 英I-TEQ浓度有明显影响,降雨后样品中的二 NFDA1 英I-TEQ浓度明显低于降雨前,降雨前或降雨中样品的二 NFDA1 英I-TEQ浓度与降雨后样品比值最高达到9.0,样品二 NFDA1 英I-TEQ浓度与PM_2.5的线性相关性高于其与TSP、温度相关性,上述三者的r值和P值分别为0.637、-0.296、0.271和0.611、0.326、0.329。     

基于响应面法的重金属螯合剂前体物合成条件优化研究

以小分子的乙二胺与环氧氯丙烷为原料,以黏度为考察对象,对高分子重金属螯合剂的前体物合成条件进行优化。采用单因素实验确定黏度的主要影响因素,然后采用响应面法对制备条件进行优化。结果表明:(1)拟合的模型回归项显著而失拟项不显著,拟合性良好。(2)最佳制备条件为环氧氯丙烷和乙二胺摩尔比1.1、反应温度82.8℃、反应时间9.2h、NaOH和乙二胺摩尔比1.2。(3)产物傅立叶红外光谱表明,特征官能团的存在证明了前体物的生成。(4)利用前体物进一步合成了螯合剂,该螯合剂的Pb去除和稳定效果明显优于市售螯合剂。     

Effect of first-stage aeration on treatment of domestic sewage in different hybrid constructed wetlands

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Two sets of hybrid constructed wetlands (HCWs) with the first-stage aeration were used to treat actual domestic sewage in this paper, where the...     

EDTAD-modified cassava stalks loaded with Fe3O4: highly efficient removal of Pb2+ and Zn2+ from aqueous solution

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In this study, a novel magnetic cassava stalk composite (M-EMCS) was prepared through modification with ethylenediamine tetraacetic anhydride (EDTAD)...     

Extinction rate of discovered and undiscovered plants in Singapore

Extinction is a key issue in the assessment of global biodiversity. However, many extinction rate measures do not account for species that went extinct before they could be discovered. The highly developed island city–state of Singapore has one of the best-documented tropical floras in the world. This allowed us to estimate the total rate of floristic extinctions in Singapore since 1822 after accounting for sampling effort and crypto extinctions by collating herbaria records. Our database comprised 34,224 specimens from 2076 native species, of which 464 species (22%) were considered nationally extinct. We assumed that undiscovered species had the same annual per-species extinction rates as discovered species and that no undiscovered species remained extant. With classical and Bayesian algorithms, we estimated that 304 (95% confidence interval, 213–414) and 412 (95% credible interval, 313–534) additional species went extinct before they could be discovered, respectively; corresponding total extinction rate estimates were 32% and 35% (range 30–38%). We detected violations of our 2 assumptions that could cause our extinction estimates, particularly the absolute numbers, to be biased downward. Thus, our estimates should be treated as lower bounds. Our results illustrate the possible magnitudes of plant extirpations that can be expected in the tropics as development continues.     

Study on the co-effect of maifanite-based photocatalyst and humic acid in the photodegradation of organic pollutant

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In this study, the co-effect of clay mineral-based photocatalyst and humic acid on the photodegradation of dye was revealed for the first time. The...     

废旧弹药回收与再利用技术研究进展

废旧弹药不仅会产生危害,还会占用库存,必须及时妥善处理.首先分析了熔融分离技术、溶剂萃取技术、超临界流体萃取技术、密度分级技术、超声空化-表面活性剂水溶技术、水悬浮煮洗技术、热解法、溶剂溶解法等8种不同回收技术的原理和特点;其次分析了废旧弹药在军事、民用炸药、化工材料或产品、一般或特殊能源等方面再利用的4种途径的原理及特点;最后分析了控制爆炸技术、控制燃烧技术、热气消除技术、水热氧化技术、超临界水氧化技术、光催化氧化技术、强氧化剂氧化技术、湿空气氧化技术、脉冲等离子体技术、超声波氧化技术、熔融盐破坏技术、生物降解技术等13种废旧弹药绿色销毁处理技术的原理及特点.回收与再利用方法众多,具体选择哪种方式去处理还要根据废旧弹药性质、种类、数量、现有的工厂条件以及经济效益的高低去判断和选择.建议政府、军队、研究院所、学校、企业等多方应该加强合作,研究新的处理技术并应用,以全面提升经济效益和社会效益综合效益,实现自动化、智能化和集约化是其未来发展趋势.