Plume analysis from field evaluations of a portable air quality monitoring system

ABSTRACT

Near-road measurements in Rochester, NY with a Portable Air Quality Monitoring System indicate a significant plume control of PM_2.5 black carbon (BC) concentrations. This study evaluates the performance of two portable air quality enclosures deployed at collocated research sites to determine their accuracy and usefulness in field deployments, and specifically in pollution plume analysis. One system deployed collocated sensors for measurement of particulate matter mass concentration (Thermo pDR 1500 against Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance (TEOM) measurement) and the second system deployed sensors for measurement of black carbon (Magee AE33 aethalometer and Brechtel Tricolor Absorption Photometer) in ambient and near-road locations in Rochester, New York, respectively. While the optical PM_2.5 sensors tended to be biased in their determination of concentration by ~15%, they followed changes and trends in concentration very well. The black carbon sensors in the portable systems agreed very well with each other and with the collocated sensor. As a case study to determine the contribution from statistically significant short-lived excursions of pollutant concentration, Morlet wavelet analysis was performed on data from the portable system sensors. Black carbon was found to be strongly influenced by plume behavior with significant plume excursions representing just over 12% of all data points and contributing on average 1 µg/m³ of black carbon above ambient concentrations.

Implications: This paper first evaluates two air pollutant monitoring enclosures with wide applicability including near-road detection of pollutants. Then, we present a novel method to designate isolate statistically significant excursions in air pollution concentration which can be used to determine the impact of pollutant plumes as observed in PM and black carbon behavior near road.     

超声-碱破解剩余污泥的条件优化

剩余污泥水解是实现污泥减量化和解决污水处理厂生物脱氮除磷中碳源不足的重要途径。以浓缩池污泥为对象,通过正交实验对超声-碱联合处理条件进行优化,考察了污泥破解率、上清液C/N与C/P的变化,并进行经济性分析。结果表明,对污泥破解率、上清液C/N、C/P影响最大的3个因素分别为pH、声能密度、pH。综合考虑3者,得到最佳操作条件为,声能密度=1.5 W·mL⁻¹、超声时间=15 min、pH=10、碱处理时间=1.5 h,在此条件下,污泥VSS去除率可达35％左右,可以减少污泥处置的成本。上清液SCOD>7 600 mg·L⁻¹、C/N>30、C/P>60,可以制备高碳低氮磷的污泥上清液回流,在大规模应用中比外加碳源的方式要节约成本。本研究结果可为超声-碱破解污泥的实际工程提供参考。     

Insight into the dynamic microbial community and core bacteria in composting from different sources by advanced bioinformatics methods

Microbial communities are important for high composting efficiency and good quality composts. This study was conducted to compare the changes of physicochemical and bacterial characteristics in composting from different raw materials, including chicken manure (CM), duck manure (DM), sheep manure (SM), food waste (FW), and vegetable waste (VW). The role and interactions of core bacteria and their contribution to maturity in diverse composts were analyzed by advanced bioinformatics methods combined sequencing with co-occurrence network and structural equation modeling (SEM). Results indicated that there were obviously different bacterial composition and diversity in composting from diverse sources. FW had a low pH and different physiochemical characteristics compared to other composts but they all achieved similar maturity products. Redundancy analysis suggested total organic carbon, phosphorus, and temperature governed the composition of microbial species but key factors were different in diverse composts. Network analysis showed completely different interactions of core bacterial community from diverse composts but Thermobifida was the ubiquitous core bacteria in composting bacterial network. Sphaerobacter and Lactobacillus as core genus were presented in the starting mesophilic and thermophilic phases of composting from manure (CM, DM, SM) and municipal solid waste (FW, VW), respectively. SEM indicated core bacteria had the positive, direct, and the biggest (>?80%) effects on composting maturity. Therefore, this study presents theoretical basis to identify and enhance the core bacteria for improving full-scale composting efficiency facing more and more organic wastes.

     

Treatment of drilling fluid waste during oil and gas drilling: a review

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Oil and gas exploration and development provide important energy sources for the world, and drilling fluid is an essential engineering material for...     

关于制定地下水修复目标上限值 (风险管制值) 的建议

修复目标值是评判场地修复是否合格以及修复后地块能否安全利用的唯一标准,因此制定合理的修复目标值对于污染场地修复治理和安全利用起着至关重要的作用。大部分污染场地需要同时进行土壤和地下水修复,生态环境部发布了《建设用地土壤污染修复目标值制定指南 (试行) 》,然而地下水修复目标值制定的指南标准尚未发布。少数项目制定的地下水修复目标值过于宽松,无法保障地块的风险可控和安全利用。因此,建议借鉴土壤环境管理的思路,制定一个类似于“土壤管制值”的“地下水修复目标上限值 (风险管制值) ”。该值的制定不能只基于风险评估计算的结果,而应充分考虑每种污染物各自的理化性质、迁移转化归趋机制、环境赋存特征、健康和环境风险、国外同类标准的取值、检测方法的准确度和成本、经济社会承受能力等因素,力争做到合规合法、科学严谨、综合平衡。     

DSF型群体感应系统的缺失导致嗜根寡养单胞菌溶藻作用的增强

水环境中的微藻与藻际微生物之间关系复杂多变,而微生物的群体感应 (QS) 作用会影响并调控菌藻的共生关系。以嗜根寡养单胞菌 (Stenotrophomonas rhizophila) 野生株 (WT) 和QS扩散信号因子 (DSF) 合成酶基因- rpfF基因敲除株 (△rpfF) 为实验菌株,阐明DSF型群体感应是否调控嗜根寡养单胞菌对铜绿微囊藻的溶藻效果。结果表明：嗜根寡养单胞菌野生株和rpfF基因敲除株的溶藻特性相似,均具有针对铜绿微囊藻的溶藻特异性,主要通过分泌溶藻物质间接作用于藻细胞;野生株和敲除株培养48 h后的无菌滤液均有显著的溶藻作用,在投加体积分数10%无菌滤液的条件下,野生株和敲除株7 d溶藻率分别为53%和78%。此外,实验菌株分泌的溶藻活性物质具有热稳定性和酸碱耐受性,且不容易被乙醇沉淀;三维荧光光谱、紫外可见光光谱、傅里叶变换红外光光谱分析表明菌株胞外滤液中主要以类腐殖酸物质为主,芳香化程度较高;通过比较荧光强度和吸光度可知DSF合成酶基因缺失的嗜根寡养单胞菌的无菌滤液中类腐殖酸物质含量显著高于野生株。结果表明,DSF-QS缺失的嗜根寡养单胞菌生物量增多,能分泌更多的溶藻物质,增强了嗜根寡养单胞菌的溶藻作用。本研究拓宽了对菌藻互作的认识,有助于更好地理解溶藻菌对有害藻华的抑制机制,同时为以微生物菌剂治理水华的技术体系提供参考。     

异波折板水解酸化-A~2O一体化反应器实验研究

设计了异波折板水解酸化-A2O一体化反应器,进行生活污水处理的实验研究。10个月的实验结果表明,系统的最佳水力停留时间(HRT)为8 h时,最适COD进水浓度为240~600 mg/L,最佳混合液回流比(r)-污泥回流比(R)为250%~100%。控制反应器于以上运行参数下,25±2℃所对应的COD、TN和TP去除率分别为96.84%、67.55%和81.92%。当温度降至7℃时,其COD、TP和TN分别降至86.35%、50.25%和65.68%。基于实验分析结果,阐明了一体化反应器高效性的机理在于异波折板水解酸化段具有高效传质特性和A2O段具有复合式活性污泥-接触氧化好氧池的特点。     

Ag~+改性复合钛铌酸钾盐对二甲基硫醚和乙硫醇吸附与光催化氧化研究

采用高温固相法合成具有不同Nb/Ti摩尔比的复合钛铌酸钾盐,通过Ag+离子交换对其进行改性。在静态下评价了Ag+改性复合钛铌酸钾盐对二甲基硫醚(DMS)和乙硫醇(EM)的吸附与紫外光催化氧化作用,使用红外光谱技术对催化剂表面滞留物种进行表征。结果表明,Ag+改性复合钛铌酸钾盐对DMS的吸附作用力比EM弱。随着Nb/Ti摩尔比增加,Ag+改性复合钛铌酸钾盐对EM的吸附作用力增强。在紫外光辐射下,Ag+改性的复合钛铌酸钾盐将DMS氧化为亚砜、砜和硫酸盐,而EM则被氧化为磺酸和单齿硫酸盐。     

活性污泥合成聚羟基烷酸酯代谢机制研究进展

聚羟基烷酸酯(PHAs)是生物制备型环境友好塑料,具有广阔的应用前景.活性污泥合成PHAs可降低生产成本,实现废水处理厂剩余污泥的减量化和资源化.研究微生物合成PHAs的代谢机制,有利于优化PHAs的工业化生产,目前其代谢研究多集中在以纯菌种合成PHAs,而以活性污泥合成PHAs的研究尚不成熟.资料表明,DO变化对活性污泥合成PHAs的代谢途径有显著影响,进而改变其PHAs产物的产量和单体组成.综述了活性污泥合成PHAs在厌氧/好氧工艺、微氧/好氧工艺、缺氧/好氧工艺、好氧动态底物投加工艺条件下的代谢机制,分析了现有PHAs合成代谢模型中存在的问题,展望了PHAs合成代谢机制研究的发展方向.     

双循环多级水幕脱硫塔的设计和性能测试

双循环多级水幕脱硫塔是在常规两段式湿法脱硫塔基础上加以改进而成的新型脱硫塔,其双循环浆液采用不同pH控制,低pH促进CaCO2溶解,高pH提高SO2吸收效果;同时,多级水幕强化气液流态,增加气液接触面积和传质动力,促进对SO2的吸收.实验利用SPSSV13.0软件进行正交实验设计,通过数据分析得出两个不同的优化运行方案,再利用多指标分析法中的综合平衡法进行单因素实验,得出最优运行方案.在最优运行方案条件下,即烟气流量为100 m3/h,上循环浆液pH为6.0,下循环浆液pH为4.8,上、下循环液气比均为20 L/m3,人口 SO2质量浓度为1 000mg/m3时,脱硫效率达97.8%,CaCO3利用率为95.2%,钙硫质量比约为1.03.双循环多级水幕脱硫塔具有良好的应用前景,实验结果对现场脱硫系统的调试和运行有很好的参考价值.