美国的“百年老刊”《科学》（SOIENCE）杂志探微

通过对美国《科学》，这一在国际科技界享有很高声望的“百年老刊”的分析研究，指出《科学》杂志在文本结构，来稿录用，定价发行，主编意识等方面值得我国科技期刊应该学习和借鉴之处。     

不同发酵方式对污泥厌氧发酵性能的影响及其发酵液利用

为了研究不同发酵方式对剩余污泥厌氧发酵性能影响及微生物对其发酵液的利用情况,将剩余污泥分别在Ca（OH）₂（pH=10±0.2）,Ca（OH）₂+NaCl（pH=10±0.2）,游离亚硝酸盐（FNA） （pH=5.5±0.2）,单过硫酸氢钾复合盐（PMS）,十二烷基苯磺酸钠（SDBS）及自然条件下进行发酵,发酵后期将发酵液用于生物脱氮研究,分别对发酵系统内的剩余污泥溶液化（SCOD）、溶解性蛋白质、溶解性多糖、可挥发性短链脂肪酸（SCFAs）和关键酶（水解酶和辅酶420）、NO₃^--N等指标进行分析.结果表明,6个发酵系统中,剩余污泥的水解酸化性能及发酵液利用具有显著的差别,其中Ca（OH）₂+NaCl 发酵系统中SCOD、SCFAs、水解酶、污泥减量效果等最佳,Ca（OH）₂发酵系统次之,自然条件发酵系统最弱.同时发现,FNA发酵系统中蛋白质和多糖含量较高,但是由于水解酶活性较低,F420活性最高,导致较低的SCFAs积累量.发酵液作为碳源进行生物脱氮试验研究表明,以Ca（OH）₂及Ca（OH）₂+NaCl发酵系统中的发酵液作为碳源具有良好的脱氮效果,与乙酸钠做为碳源效果相似,同时出现NO₂^--N积累现象,但是FNA, PMS, SDBS发酵系统的发酵液由于存在大量的消毒剂等化学物质导致生物利用性较差.     

Variation in prenatal cytogenetic diagnosis: Policies in 13 european countries, 1989–1991

The livebirth prevalence of autosomal chromosomal anomalies is determined by several factors, including maternal age distribution and the impact of prenatal cytogenetic diagnosis (PCD). The impact of PCD varies between countries, as the indications and the uptake vary. In a previous study we described differences in Down syndrome prevalence and the proportion of older mothers. We have now made a survey of the official PCD policies in 25 regions in 13 European countries for the period 1989–1991. In two countries, termination of pregnancy was not available. In the other 11 countries, international agreement existed on five indications: advanced maternal age, a previous child with a chromosomal anomaly, parents who are carriers of a balanced translocation, mothers who are carriers of an X-linked disorder, and malformations at ultrasound. The exact limit for advanced maternal age varied from 35 to 38 years. There was a considerable variation for the indications advanced paternal age, amniocentesis for AFP or DNA, parental anxiety, a previous child with a congenital anomaly, abnormal maternal serum markers, and exposure to radiation/chemotherapy. The PCD uptake for mothers above the maternal age limit varied from 10 to 88 per cent. International harmonization of the indications for PCD is not considered feasible at present, because of the rapid changes in PCD policies even within countries.     

MOVEMENT AND WAYFINDING IN THE KING SAUD UNIVERSITY BUILT ENVIRONMENT: A LOOK AT FRESHMAN ORIENTATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION

One potentially significant, yet hardly investigated, criterion for postoccupancy evaluation is the legibility of a setting—the degree to which a building or group of buildings facilitate the ability of users to find their way around. Legibility is one of the foundation concepts of environmental psychology, yet it has not often been considered enough as a guiding principle in design. The purpose of this paper is to analyse spatial orientation and wayfinding problems encountered by newcomers (freshman students) at the King Saud University (KSU) campus, Saudi Arabia, and to test/relate this to Lynch's elements of the image of cities. The analysis draws on previous research findings, theories, and more general observations, as well as observations made of wayfinding performance and map sketching by 30 high-school students likely to soon enroll at the university. Many specific problems with orientation and the architectural legibility of the buildings are identified and discussed. Emphasis is placed upon physical-setting variables that are likely to affect the ease with which spatial orientation and wayfinding are accomplished. These include the following facets of the KSU built environment: degree of differentiation; degree of visual access; and complexity of spatial layout.Legible buildings within which people can effectively maintain their orientation and find their way, according to this research, are in no way simplistic, dull, or boring; on the contrary, settings must possess distinctive landmarks and regions which, along with understandable path networks, allow users to know where they are and how to make their way to desired destinations. Coherent and legible environments are important in the lives of the people who use them. The movement of people through buildings and the factors that influence whether or not they are able to find their way need to continue to be of significance to both researchers and practitioners.