Environmental protection and sustainable development are getting increasing attention in the automobile industries. Environmental consciousness has increased, and sustainability has become an important requirement for the management of end-of-life vehicles (ELVs). The proper management of ELVs can bring improved sustainability performance for any society or organisation. There are several alternative options for ELVs management such as reuse, repair, reconditioning, remanufacturing and recycling. Environmental legislation is forcing original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) to manage their products at the end of their life cycle to reduce their potential environmental impact. An appropriate selection model for sustainable ELV management alternatives in the dynamic, competitive and regulatory environment can enable a firm to satisfy economic, environmental, social and technological requirements. This study proposes an integrated model to select the dimensions and criteria for evaluating sustainable alternatives for the proper management of ELVs. First, the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) method is used to select the most important dimensions and criteria for sustainable alternative selection. Next, a hierarchy has been constructed to develop a systematic technique to solve the alternatives selection problem. An analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and extent analysis method on the fuzzy AHP (FEAHP) model have been used based on the hierarchy to evaluate the most suitable alternatives from the sustainability point of view. The strength of the proposed model is that it compares the results of both methods, the imprecision of experts’ opinions is considered in the evaluation process and the model is easy to use. 相似文献
Traditional fertilizers are highly inefficient, with a major loss of nutrients and associated pollution. Alternatively, biochar loaded with phosphorous is a sustainable fertilizer that improves soil structure, stores carbon in soils, and provides plant nutrients in the long run, yet most biochars are not optimal because mechanisms ruling biochar properties are poorly known. This issue can be solved by recent developments in machine learning and computational chemistry. Here we review phosphorus-loaded biochar with emphasis on computational chemistry, machine learning, organic acids, drawbacks of classical fertilizers, biochar production, phosphorus loading, and mechanisms of phosphorous release. Modeling techniques allow for deciphering the influence of individual variables on biochar, employing various supervised learning models tailored to different biochar types. Computational chemistry provides knowledge on factors that control phosphorus binding, e.g., the type of phosphorus compound, soil constituents, mineral surfaces, binding motifs, water, solution pH, and redox potential. Phosphorus release from biochar is controlled by coexisting anions, pH, adsorbent dosage, initial phosphorus concentration, and temperature. Pyrolysis temperatures below 600 °C enhance functional group retention, while temperatures below 450 °C increase plant-available phosphorus. Lower pH values promote phosphorus release, while higher pH values hinder it. Physical modifications, such as increasing surface area and pore volume, can maximize the adsorption capacity of phosphorus-loaded biochar. Furthermore, the type of organic acid affects phosphorus release, with low molecular weight organic acids being advantageous for soil utilization. Lastly, biochar-based fertilizers release nutrients 2–4 times slower than conventional fertilizers.
Microplastic pollution is becoming a major issue for human health due to the recent discovery of microplastics in most ecosystems. Here, we review the sources, formation, occurrence, toxicity and remediation methods of microplastics. We distinguish ocean-based and land-based sources of microplastics. Microplastics have been found in biological samples such as faeces, sputum, saliva, blood and placenta. Cancer, intestinal, pulmonary, cardiovascular, infectious and inflammatory diseases are induced or mediated by microplastics. Microplastic exposure during pregnancy and maternal period is also discussed. Remediation methods include coagulation, membrane bioreactors, sand filtration, adsorption, photocatalytic degradation, electrocoagulation and magnetic separation. Control strategies comprise reducing plastic usage, behavioural change, and using biodegradable plastics. Global plastic production has risen dramatically over the past 70 years to reach 359 million tonnes. China is the world's top producer, contributing 17.5% to global production, while Turkey generates the most plastic waste in the Mediterranean region, at 144 tonnes per day. Microplastics comprise 75% of marine waste, with land-based sources responsible for 80–90% of pollution, while ocean-based sources account for only 10–20%. Microplastics induce toxic effects on humans and animals, such as cytotoxicity, immune response, oxidative stress, barrier attributes, and genotoxicity, even at minimal dosages of 10 μg/mL. Ingestion of microplastics by marine animals results in alterations in gastrointestinal tract physiology, immune system depression, oxidative stress, cytotoxicity, differential gene expression, and growth inhibition. Furthermore, bioaccumulation of microplastics in the tissues of aquatic organisms can have adverse effects on the aquatic ecosystem, with potential transmission of microplastics to humans and birds. Changing individual behaviours and governmental actions, such as implementing bans, taxes, or pricing on plastic carrier bags, has significantly reduced plastic consumption to 8–85% in various countries worldwide. The microplastic minimisation approach follows an upside-down pyramid, starting with prevention, followed by reducing, reusing, recycling, recovering, and ending with disposal as the least preferable option.
Kinetic studies on the NADP-linked glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) activity in 8 species of marine phytoplankton have been carried out. The pH optima, linearity of reactions, apparent energies of activation, and apparent Km values for NADPH, NH
4>+
and -ketoglutarate were determined. Based on these data, an accurate, sensitive enzyme assay procedure is presented which was successfully tested on shipboard during a recent cruise in an upwelling region. Preliminary studies on inhibition and activation of the NADP-linked GDH activity have also been carried out. In addition to NADP-linked GDH activity, NAD-linked GDH activity was discovered in certain species of phytoplankton. The possible physiological roles of NAD-and NADP-linked GDH enzymes are discussed.Contribution No. 911 from the Department of Oceanography, University of Washington. This research was supported by the National Science Foundation Grants GA-34165 and GX-33502. 相似文献
Seaweeds belonging to 14 different genera of Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta and Rhodophyta were analyzed to determine the levels of heavy metals in two areas of the Egyptian Red Sea coast. Among the trace metals analyzed, Mn and Zn showed the highest mass concentrations in the surface seawaters of the two studied areas. However, algae obtained from Suez area had the highest concentrations of the investigated heavy metals than those collected from Mars Alam area. Nevertheless, a high variability of the metal levels occurs among the studied algae and also between the investigated areas. Moreover, Zn was the most abundant metal in the seaweeds of the Suez area, while Pb was predominant in Mars Alam area in red and brown algae. L. farinosa had the highest average concentration factor of Zn in Suez (29161 fold), while it was 20091 fold in E. intestinalis at Mars Alam. The highest value of metal pollution index (MPI) was recoded in L. farinosa (22.0) at Suez. It represents 4.6 fold of that value recorded in L. farinosa at Mars Alam. Among green, brown and red algae in Suez, the highest values of MPI were recorded in Cladophora (mixed sub-species) and H. comuto (18.2 and 18.3), P. pavonia (16.2) and L. farinosa (22.1), respectively; while at Mars Alam, they were recorded in Cladophora (mixed sub-species) (6.6), P. pavonia (3.4) and L. farinosa (4.8), respectively. 相似文献
A number of newly synthesized phthalidylamines and o-benzoylbenzamide derivatives were evaluated for some biological activities. Synthesis was established by condensation of 3-acetoxyphthalide 1 with morpholine, piperidine, N,N-diisobutyl-N,N-dibenzylamines and piperazine, which afforded N-(3-phthalidyl)amines 3a–d, and 4 respectively, while with N,N-diisopropylamine, o-formyl-N,N-diisopropyl benzamide 5a is formed exclusively. On the other hand, the reaction of 3-acetoxy-3-phenylphthalide 2 with secondary amines afforded o-benzoylbenzamide derivatives 5b–c, 6 in a high yield. The structure of the reaction products was established from their spectral data. These products were screened for antifungal, antibacterial and genotoxic effect. It was found that all tested compounds have antifungal activity. Compounds 1, 2, 3d and 5b were found to be active against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. Genotoxic effects using Ames test showed that Compounds 1 and 2 have a weak base-pair substitution mutagenicity while a clear base-pair substitution mutagenic activity was shown by 3a using TA100-strain of Salmonella typhimurium. Compound 4 showed a frameshift mutgenicity while a weak oxidative mutagenic action was revealed by 6. No change on the mutagenicity of the tested chemicals was observed after using the S9 metabolic activation system. 相似文献
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Numerous studies have focused on the response of meiofauna after exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), but none has been devoted to... 相似文献
The objective of the study is to empirically examine the air pollution, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and low birth weight in Pakistan through the cointegration and error correction model over a 36-year time period, i.e., between 1975 and 2012. The study employed the Johansen cointegration technique to estimate the long-run relationship between the variables, while an error correction model was used to determine the short-run dynamics of the system. The study was limited to the following variables, including carbon dioxide emissions, methane emissions, nitrous oxide emissions, GHG emissions, and low birth weight in order to manage robust data analysis. The results reveal that air pollution and GHG emissions significantly affects the low birth weight in Pakistan. In the long run, carbon dioxide emissions act as a strong contributor for low birth weight, as the coefficient value indicates there is a more elastic relationship (i.e., ?1.214, p?p?p?相似文献
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Dams significantly impact river hydrology by changing the timing, size, and frequency of low and high flows, resulting in a hydrologic regime that... 相似文献
