基于低碳视角的天津市能源结构系统动力学分析

全球气候变化和温室气体的大量排放已成为国际社会广泛关注的问题,能源结构调整是应对这一问题行之有效的手段。通过对天津市能源结构进行研究,从低碳角度出发,以改善天津以煤为主的能源供给结构、提高能源利用效率、缓解能源供应压力、减少环境污染和生态破坏为目的,应用系统动力学对天津市能源结构的未来发展情况进行模拟,通过对非低碳模式、低碳模式和强化低碳模式3种模拟方案下能源消耗情况和温室气体排放的比较,找出适合天津市能源结构调整的最佳模式。     

生物柴油萃取高浓度吡啶废水

农药、医药等行业的生产过程中产生含有高浓度吡啶的废水,采用溶剂萃取法萃取废水中的吡啶既可改善废水的可生化性,又可实现吡啶的循环利用.实验以生物柴油为萃取剂,讨论了体系的pH值、温度、相比及时间等条件对萃取分配系数(D)及吡啶去除率的影响.结果表明,较为适宜吡啶萃取的条件是:萃取时间为30 min,pH值为6,温度为30℃,相比为1:1.在上述萃取条件下,生物柴油与吡啶水溶液进行六级错流萃取后,水中吡啶浓度从15%降至0.84%,吡啶去除率达到94.40%.     

Levels and congener profiles of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in primipara breast milk from Shenzhen and exposure risk for breast-fed infants

This study aimed at revealing the levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in breast milk from primipara in Shenzhen (China), and estimating daily intake of PBDEs for breast-fed infants. Concentrations of 7 PBDEs were measured in 60 breast milk samples by isotope dilution HRGC/HRMS (high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry). The intake of PBDEs for breast-fed infants was estimated based on the infant's daily milk consumption. The range of total concentration of 7 PBDEs congeners in samples was 2.6-188.6 ng g(-1) lipid (mean: 14.8 ng g(-1) lipid; median: 7.2 ng g(-1) lipid). The mean estimated daily intake of PBDEs by breast-fed infants ranged from 9.9 to 335.9 ng kg(-1) body weight (bw) per day (mean: 52.5 ng kg(-1) bw per day; median: 28.6 ng kg(-1) bw per day). The levels of PBDEs body burden in the recruited mothers of Shenzhen were higher than those reported previously for the general population from other areas in China. No significant correlations were found between the body burden of PBDEs and the mothers' age, pre-pregnancy BMI, dietary habits, duration of residence in Shenzhen, weight and length of the newborns. BDE-47 and BDE-153 were major PBDE congeners in milk samples, while the congeners of BDE-183 and BDE-28 were also high in Shenzhen. The situation may be attributed to the special economic pattern including electronic production in Shenzhen in the past three decades. Continuous surveillance on PBDEs levels in human milk is needed in order to accurately evaluate the environmental impact of PBDEs to human health in Shenzhen.     

超声波/紫外线-Fenton反应联用去除克拉玛依土壤中石油类污染物

研究了超声波(ultrasonic)和紫外线(ultraviolet)-Fenton反应联用处理干旱区老化石油污染土壤。土壤TPH含量为30 470 mg/kg,pH值为3,H2O2与Fe比例为50∶1时,H2O2浓度为0.37%、0.74%、1.11%和1.85%在超声波处理6 h土壤TPH去除量分别为4 495、11 983、15 470和19 800 mg/kg;TPH去除量随H2O2/Fe2+增大而增大,H2O2/Fe2+为100∶1时,TPH去除量为12 699 mg/kg。溶液pH值接近中性,H2O2浓度为0.74%,H2O2/Fe2+为50∶1,超声波与UV共同作用2 h和4 h,TPH去除量分别达到14 824和21 821 mg/kg;UV单独作用2 h、4 h对土壤TPH去除量为9 253和12 845 mg/kg。超声波-Fenton反应对1,2-二甲苯降解效果最好,其次为C17-C28的直链及支链烷烃,最低为烃类衍生物。     

多菌群污水生物处理反应器中污泥分布的试验研究

在多菌群污水生物处理反应器处理城市污水的试验中,对反应器主反应区内水平中线及垂直中线上所布设取样点位的混合液悬浮固体(MLSS)、混合液挥发性悬浮固体(MLVSS)、污泥沉降比(SV30)及污泥容积指数(SVI)进行了检测分析。结果表明,MLSS与MLVSS分布趋势大致相同,在水平方向与垂直方向污泥浓度总体呈现大小交替型分布;SV30与SVI在水平方向总体呈现出周边大、中心小的非对称分布,而在垂直方向由上到下呈现出先增大后减小再增大的分布趋势。污泥浓度与污泥沉降性能的差异分布,对将反应器进水点分布在污泥浓度高值区域、污泥回流点布置在污泥浓度低值区域及出水点选定在污泥浓度较低且沉降性能较好区域有着重要的指导作用,为反应器的优化控制提供了理论依据。     

Impact of dissolved oxygen on the production of nitrous oxide in biological aerated filters

Polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) and microelectrode technology were employed to evaluate the Nitrous oxide (N₂O) production in biological aerated filters (BAFs) under varied dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations during treating wastewater under laboratory scale. The average yield of gasous N₂O showed more than 4-fold increase when the DO levels were reduced from 6.0 to 2.0 mg?L^–1, indicating that low DO may drive N₂O generation. PCR-DGGE results revealed that Nitratifractor salsuginis were dominant and may be responsible for N₂O emission from the BAFs system. While at a low DO concentration (2.0 mg?L^–1), Flavobacterium urocaniciphilum might play a role. When DO concentration was the limiting factor (reduced from 6.0 to 2.0 mg?L^–1) for nitrification, it reduced NO ₂ ^- -N oxidation as well as the total nitrification. The data from this study contribute to explain how N₂O production changes in response to DO concentration, and may be helpful for reduction of N₂O through regulation of DO levels.

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不同地域4种常用树种滞尘和吸滞重金属能力比较研究

为评估常见树种叶片滞尘及吸滞重金属的能力,本研究收集了4种常见绿化树种在多个城市的滞尘及吸滞重金属数据,用数理统计、区划分析等方法,探讨不同树种叶片在多城市环境滞尘和吸滞重金属的差异及其影响因素。结果表明,女贞、悬铃木和广玉兰的平均滞尘量差异不大,香樟滞尘量略低于其他3树种,但女贞叶片的滞尘潜能最大;女贞、广玉兰叶片滞尘量表现为南方城市大于北方城市,悬铃木叶片滞尘量表现为北方城市大于南方城市;在季节滞尘上,女贞叶片滞尘量表现为夏季低于秋季,悬铃木、广玉兰和香樟则是夏季高于秋季;多城市树种吸滞重金属分析显示,对Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn具有最大吸滞量的树种均是香樟,对Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn具有最大吸滞潜能的树种分别是女贞、悬铃木、香樟和香樟;香樟叶片对Pb、Cd的吸滞量受地域环境变化的影响较小,在中国南方城市比其他3树种更具有应用普适性;女贞叶片对Cu、Zn的吸滞量受地域环境变化的影响较小,比其他3树种具有普适性。     

地铁及地面交通环境振动实测与数值模拟研究

选取某城市具有代表性Ⅱ类场地地铁与道路交通重合段,对环境背景、地铁单独通过、重载车辆单独通过、地铁和重载车辆同时通过开展振动实测,利用Z振级和1/3倍频程频谱进行数据分析,同时建立简化有限元数值模型,并将模拟结果与实测结果进行对比分析以评价沿线环境振动影响.结果表明,简化理论分析模型可基本满足工程应用要求;地铁与重载车辆引发的环境振动衰减规律总趋势是随着水平距离的增加而呈现先迅速后平缓的减小过程,有地铁作用时,30m附近存在振动放大区;地铁与重载车辆单独作用时存在稳定的环境振动主频分别为50~60Hz和16Hz,两者共同作用存在变化范围为16~80Hz的不稳定特定主频,其变化规律符合交通类型的主导地位;当水平距离超过60m后,环境振动体现场地卓越周期,可忽略地铁及重载车辆振动影响;对于加速度频率在1Hz内的低频振动,距离和交通荷载类型的影响均不明显.研究成果可为地铁及地面交通选线设计和沿线环境振动及控制提供工程参考和理论预测依据.     

Landscape ecology of the region around Qinghai Lake,Qinghai Province of China based on romote sensing

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挥发酚测定过程中有关问题的探讨

挥发酚是水和废水例行监测中的必测项目。本研究就其测定过程中的有关问题进行了试验和探讨