崇明东滩沿海湿地生态系统健康评价

以生态系统健康及压力-状态-响应（PSR）模型作为研究方法，根据沿海湿地生态系统的特点，建立一套沿海湿地生态系统适用的健康评价指标体系。以现有研究数据和统计资料为基础，对长江口崇明东滩湿地进行单因子和综合评价，分别计算其健康度、压力综合指数和响应综合指数。揭示崇明东滩湿地的生态系统健康状况以及形成原因，并提出保护对策和可持续利用的相关建议。研究结果表明：①崇明东滩湿地生态系统的健康度、压力综合指数和响应综合指数分别为0．72、0．64和0．79，总体上仍处于一个较为健康的状态；②崇明东滩湿地生态系统目前的主要压力并不直接来源于土地围垦，而是来源于水环境污染和外来生物入侵。     

Understanding primary and secondary sources of ambient oxygenated volatile organic compounds in Shenzhen utilizing photochemical age-based parameterization method

Oxygenated volatile organic compounds(OVOCs) are key intermediates in the atmospheric photooxidation process. To further study the primary and secondary sources of OVOCs,their ambient levels were monitored using a proton-transfer reaction mass spectrometer(PTR-MS) at an urban site in the Pearl River Delta of China. Continuous monitoring campaigns were conducted in the spring, summer, fall, and winter of 2016. Among the six types of OVOC species, the mean concentrations of methanol were the highest in each season(up to 13–20 ppbv), followed by those of acetone, acetaldehyde and acetic acid(approximately 2–4 ppbv), while those of formic acid and methyl ethyl ketone(MEK) were the lowest(approximately 1–2 ppbv). As observed from a diurnal variation chart, the OVOCs observed in Shenzhen may have been affected by numerous factors such as their primary and secondary sources and photochemical consumption. The photochemical age-based parameterization method was used to apportion the sources of ambient OVOCs. Methanol had significant anthropogenic primary sources but negligible anthropogenic secondary sources during all of the seasons. Acetone, MEK and acetic acid were mostly attributed to anthropogenic primary sources during each season with smaller contributions from anthropogenic secondary sources. Acetaldehyde had similar contributions from both anthropogenic secondary and anthropogenic primary sources throughout the year.Meanwhile, anthropogenic primary sources contributed the most to formic acid.     

TiO2/Schwertmannite nanocomposites as superior co-catalysts in heterogeneous photo-Fenton process

The heterogeneous photo-Fenton reaction is an effective technique in combating organic contaminants for both soil and water remediation,and extensive studies have focused on enhancing its efficiency and reducing its costs.In this work,we developed novel photoFenton catalysts by simply milling commercially available TiO_2(P25)with Schwertmannite(Sh),a natural iron-oxyhydroxysulfate nanomineral.We expect that the photo-generated electrons from TiO_2could continuously migrate to Sh,which then could enhance the separation of electron-hole pairs on TiO_2and accelerate the reduction of Fe(III)to Fe(II)on Sh,leading to high degradation efficiency of the target organic contaminants.SEM and TEM results showed the distribution of TiO_2on Sh surface for the nanocomposites(TiO_2/Sh).Under simulated sunlight irradiation,the much higher content of Fe(II)was determined on TiO_2/Sh than on Sh via a common method in the iron ore,and the consumption of H_2O_2and the production of·OH were more significant in the TiO_2/Sh system than those in the TiO_2and Sh systems.These results well support our hypothesis that the photo-generated electrons could migrate from TiO_2to Sh on the composites,and can also explain the much higher degradation efficiency of Rhodamine B(RhB)in the TiO_2/Sh system.Besides,TiO_2/Sh had lower Fe dissolution as compared with Sh,and retained high catalytic stability after four repeated cycles.Above merits of the TiO_2/Sh composites,in combining with their simple synthesis method and low-cost property,indicated that they should have promising applications as heterogeneous photo-Fenton catalysts.     

Transformation of sulfamethazine during the chlorination disinfection process: Transformation, kinetics, and toxicology assessment

Various disinfection byproducts(DBPs) form during the process of chlorination disinfection,posing potential threats to drinking water safety and human health. Sulfamethazine(SMT),the most commonly used and frequently detected veterinary antibiotic, was investigated in detail with regard to its transformation and kinetics in reactions with free available chlorine(FAC). Using liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry, several DBPs were identified based on different confidence levels, and a variety of reaction types, including desulfonation, S–N cleavage, hydroxylation, and chlorine substitution, were proposed. The kinetic experiments indicated that the reaction rate was FAC-and pH-dependent, and SMT exhibits low reactivity toward FAC in alkaline conditions. The DBPs exhibited a much higher acute toxicity than SMT, as estimated by quantitative structure activity relationship models. More importantly, we observed that the FAC-treated SMT reaction solution might increase the genotoxic potential due to the generation of DBPs. This investigation provides substantial new details related to the transformation of SMT in the chlorination disinfection process.     

乡村转型发展影响因素及其作用效应的空间分异——以陕西省为例

以陕西省为例,围绕人口、土地、产业等乡村社会经济发展要素构建乡村转型发展评价指标体系,借助ArcGIS平台分析陕西省乡村转型发展时空格局演化特征;利用逐步回归、地理加权回归模型（GWR模型）对陕西省乡村转型发展影响因素及作用效应的空间分异进行探究,以期为陕西省乡村高质量发展路径设计与政策制订提供参考依据。研究结论如下：（1）2005—2017年间,陕西省乡村转型发展程度呈现持续上升趋势,在空间上整体呈现西安及其周边以及榆林北部能源区发展程度高,其余地区发展程度低的特点,且乡村转型发展经历了低度转型主导到较低、中度转型主导的发展过程。（2）地均固定资产投入、加权路网密度、人均生产总值、规模以上工业企业个数和人均耕地资源量是陕西省乡村转型发展的主要影响因素。（3）影响因素中除人均耕地资源量对乡村转型发展整体呈现负向影响外,其余因素均呈现正向影响,且对不同县域影响程度不同,影响效应的空间分异明显。研究对因地制宜地制定陕西省乡村转型发展的差异化政策措施具有重要的参考意义。     

Effects of fulvic acid and humic acid from different sources on Hg methylation in soil and accumulation in rice

Humus is often used as an organic modifier to reduce the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in plants, but the effects of different humus components from different sources on the fate of mercury (Hg) in paddy fields are still unclear. Here, fulvic acid (FA) and humic acid (HA) extracted from composted straw (CS), composted cow dung (CCD), peat soil (PM) and lignite coal (LC) were used to understand their effects on the methylation and bioaccumulation of Hg in paddy soil by pot experiments. Amendments of both FA and HA largely increased the abundance of Hg-methylating microbes and low-molecular-weight organic matters (e.g, cysteine) in paddy soil. They were also found to change the aromaticity, molecular size and Chromophoric DOM concentration of DOM, and resulted in heterogeneous effects on migration and transformation of Hg. All the FA-amended treatments increased the mobility and methylation of Hg in soil and its absorption in roots. Nevertheless, FA from different sources have heterogeneous effects on transport of Hg between rice tissues. FA-CCD and FA-PM promoted the translocation of MeHg from roots to rice grains by 32.95% and 41.12%, while FA-CS and FA-LC significantly inhibited the translocation of inorganic Hg (IHg) by 52.65% and 66.06% and of MeHg by 46.65% and 36.23%, respectively. In contrast, all HA-amended treatments reduced the mobility of soil Hg, but promoted Hg methylation in soil. Among which, HA-CCD and HA-PM promoted the translocation of MeHg in rice tissues by 88.95% and 64.10%, while its accumulation in rice grains by 28.43% and 28.69%, respectively. In general, the application of some FA and HA as organic modifiers to reduce Hg bioaccumulation in rice is not feasible.     

考虑位移监测的滑坡稳定性综合评价研究

滑坡稳定性评价方法目前主要有极限平衡法、概率分析方法和有限元法,但是这些方法都仅从力学的角度出发,而很少从滑坡的实际变形角度来考虑。为此,在运用Morgenstern-Price法、蒙特卡洛-破坏概率方法和强度折减法从二维和三维的角度计算滑坡稳定性系数和破坏概率的基础上,提出了考虑滑坡位移监测的R/S分析方法对滑坡稳定性进行综合评价。以三峡库区青龙咀滑坡为例,采用上述四种方法对该滑坡稳定性进行综合评价。结果表明,该滑坡在计算工况条件下处于稳定状态,其危险性为中等。     

B类滤毒罐防护磷化氢性能评价探讨

磷化氢是粮食仓储企业使用效果最好的杀虫剂,是一种剧毒的气体熏蒸剂。所以对于从业人员来讲,安全防护就显得格外重要。长期以来粮食仓储企业一直使用自吸过滤式防毒面具(配套选用B类滤毒罐)为首选器材。近期业内对B类滤毒罐防护磷化氢的有效性提出质疑,为此,本文通过性能评价试验,说明B类滤毒罐防护磷化氢是有效的,并从理论上说明B类滤毒罐防护磷化氢是有科学依据的。     

冶金焦化废水治理新技术工业实践

焦化废水是最难处理的高浓度、难降解的有机工业废水之一。经传统方法处理后的废水,各项指标难以达标。以新兴铸管股份有限公司焦化废水工艺改造为例,用烧结带冷高温废气处理焦化废水,降低水中各种污染物的浓度,同时对烧结废气中二氧化硫、氮氧化物、粉尘等也进行了去除,实现“以废治废”。