Environment and sustainability of the Middle Route,South-to-North Water Transfer Project in China: a close look

In many arid and semiarid regions, water scarcity, population increase and frequent droughts are exerting great pressures on water resources. Presently, the Mid-route of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project (MRSN) was built to mitigate the water crisis in the north of China by long-distance transfer of water from the Yangtze River in southern China. This study investigated the running condition of the MRSN, including operation management, freezing situation and water quality. Water samples were also taken from different sites and then analyzed in laboratory. Results suggest that the project was reasonably designed and the project management was excellent. Closed management was adopted in the project to protect water quality. The sediment concentrations and water turbidities of the water samples were in the range of 0.2–0.8 kg/m³ and 0.8–1.7 NTU, respectively, which met or were close to the standards of drinking water in China. Water freezing is also not a problem, since the thickest ice was only 0.9 cm even in the coldest season as the authors measured the investigation, and at the same time, the ice booms worked well. In the future, it is promising that to effectively integrate the methods of self-rescuing and water importing could fundamentally conquer water shortage, reasonably allocate water resources and finally achieve the harmonious development of economics, ecology and society.     

Managing flood risks in the Mekong Delta: How to address emerging challenges under climate change and socioeconomic developments

Climate change and accelerating socioeconomic developments increasingly challenge flood-risk management in the Vietnamese Mekong River Delta—a typical large, economically dynamic and highly vulnerable delta. This study identifies and addresses the emerging challenges for flood-risk management. Furthermore, we identify and analyse response solutions, focusing on meaningful configurations of the individual solutions and how they can be tailored to specific challenges using expert surveys, content analysis techniques and statistical inferences. Our findings show that the challenges for flood-risk management are diverse, but critical challenges predominantly arise from the current governance and institutional settings. The top-three challenges include weak collaboration, conflicting management objectives and low responsiveness to new issues. We identified 114 reported solutions and developed six flood management strategies that are tailored to specific challenges. We conclude that the current technology-centric flood management approach is insufficient given the rapid socioecological changes. This approach therefore should be adapted towards a more balanced management configuration where technical and infrastructural measures are combined with institutional and governance resolutions. Insights from this study contribute to the emerging repertoire of contemporary flood management solutions, especially through their configurations and tailoring to specific challenges.     

黄河小浪底水库南山水质自动监测站站址方案探讨

在小浪底水库中新建黄河南山水质自动监测站,是为了实现黄河小浪底水库水质实时监测,及时掌握国家考核断面水质状况;同时,为了完成生态环境部加快推进国家地表水环境质量监测网水质自动监测站(以下简称水站)建设,建立健全以自动监测为主、手工监测为辅的地表水环境质量监测体系。本文主要研究南山水站站址的选择方案,得出恰当合理的方案,既满足水站安全运行的要求和水库调水调沙期间,确保采集到具备代表性。     

核桃壳吸附剂对水中Pb2+的吸附

采用自制核桃壳吸附剂,利用静态吸附法,处理模拟含Pb²⁺废水。实验结果表明：当初始Pb²⁺的质量浓度20.00 mg/L、初始废水pH=5.5、吸附剂加入量12 g/L、吸附剂粒径1.60~2.50 mm、吸附时间120 min时,核桃壳吸附剂对Pb²⁺的去除率为91.7%;吸附剂对Pb²⁺的吸附行为满足拟二级吸附动力学方程,吸附等温线满足Langmuir等温方程,饱和吸附量达到3.903 mg/g;吸附饱和的吸附剂可用浓度 0.1 mol/L的硝酸解吸,经解吸后的吸附剂可重复利用3次。     

直通式袋式除尘器气流分布数值分析

利用CFD方法对燃煤电厂大型直通式脉冲袋式除尘器气流分布进行数值分析,给出了袋式除尘器箱体流量分配、每个滤袋单元处理风量、滤袋迎面气流速度的大小和分布,数值分析结果与模型试验、现场测试的结果基本吻合,可作为除尘器结构设计优化的依据。     

An integrated and quantitative vulnerability assessment for proactive hazard response and sustainability: a case study on the Chan May-Lang Co Gulf area,Central Vietnam

A natural factors-based approach was developed to examine proactive responses to hazards and improving sustainability on the Chan May-Lang Co Gulf area, Central Vietnam. The approach was based on a weight-of-evidence method within an integrated and quantitative vulnerability assessment in which the spatial relationship between a set of evidential factors (lithology, distance to the coastline, altitude, slope, aspect, drainage, wind speed during storms, and land use and cover) and a set of hazard locations was combined with the prior probability (total vulnerability) to obtain the posterior probability of hazard occurrence. The result showed that 44.3 % of the study area had high to very high total vulnerability, due to the high density of vulnerable objects and frequency of severe damage from typhoons, floods, landslides, and erosion. The result also demonstrated that the contribution of natural factors was directly proportional to total vulnerability in approximately 75 % of the study area, indicating a high dependence of vulnerability on natural factors. In the remaining areas, low contributions were found in the high and very high vulnerability areas dominated by high anthropogenic activities. In contrast, natural factors were important contributors to total vulnerability in areas characterized by dense vegetation, consolidated rocks, and altitude greater than 300 m, reflecting high natural resilience. The present study demonstrated that a proactive approach may provide appropriate measures to mitigate hazards and to increase the sustainability of the study area.     

改性花生壳对Cd(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附机理

以前期制得改性块状花生壳为对象,测定改性花生壳等电点,考察离子强度对改性花生壳吸附Cd2+和Pb2+的影响、吸附前后吸附质溶液pH变化情况及蒸馏水、NaCl、HNO3、柠檬酸和EDTA 5种解吸液对Cd2+和Pb2+的解吸效果,并通过X-射线光电子能谱仪和傅里叶变换红外光谱仪对吸附前后的改性花生壳进行表征,推测并证实了改性花生壳对Cd2+和Pb2+可能的吸附机理。结果表明,改性花生壳对Cd2+和Pb2+可能的吸附机理是:Cd2+是通过外层络合、离子交换和内层络合的联合作用被吸附的;Pb2+主要是与改性花生壳上的O、N等活性基团发生内层络合;此外,改性花生壳表面生成的二氧化锰对Cd2+和Pb2+的吸附也起到一定的作用。     

菌源对多环芳烃降解菌的筛选及降解性能的影响

高效降解菌的筛选对利用生物修复技术有效去除环境中的多环芳烃具有重要意义。分别以石油污染土壤和焦化废水活性污泥为菌源,分离出芘降解菌和混合PAHs(菲、荧蒽和芘)降解菌共14株并对其降解性能进行对比研究。结果表明,筛选得到的菌株分别属于9个菌属,其中2种菌源共有的菌属为Mycobacterium sp.、Ralstonia sp.和Shinella sp.。芘和PAHs的高效降解菌(CP16和CM32)均属于分支杆菌属(Mycobacterium),来源于焦化废水活性污泥;菌株CP16对芘(50mg/L)的7 d降解率为74.99%,CM32对PAHs(菲50 mg/L、荧蒽和芘各10 mg/L)的7 d降解率为100%。因此,以焦化废水活性污泥为菌源更有利于获得高效的多环芳烃降解菌。     

外置管式MBR处理垃圾焚烧渗沥液中的膜污染

采用外置管式膜生物反应器进一步处理垃圾焚烧渗沥液生化出水,研究水洗和化学洗后污染膜的清洗效果。采用扫描电镜、傅里叶红外光谱对膜表面污染物进行分析;采用变性梯度凝胶电泳技术分析了膜表面泥饼层中细菌群落结构。实验结果表明,采用低压力(0.03 MPa)、高流速(2.84 m/s)的清水洗能使膜通量恢复到45%;化学清洗采用p H=2的盐酸酸洗较好。两者清洗方法结合能使膜通量恢复至初始通量的88%。膜表面污染物主要由无机垢体和蛋白质多糖类物质构成,膜表面泥饼层中的细菌主要含有芽孢杆菌、腐螺旋菌、红杆菌等。