In vivo assessment of plant extracts for control of plant diseases: A sesquiterpene ketolactone isolated from Curcuma zedoaria suppresses wheat leaf rust

As an alternative to synthetic pesticides, natural materials such as plant extracts and microbes have been considered to control plant diseases. In this study, methanol extracts of 120 plants were explored for in vivo antifungal activity against Rhizoctonia solani, Botrytis cinerea, Phytophthora infestans, Puccinia triticina, and Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei. Of the 120 plant extracts, eight plant extracts exhibited a disease control efficacy of more than 90% against at least one of five plant diseases. In particular, a methanol extract of Curcuma zedoaria rhizomes exhibited strong activity against wheat leaf rust caused by P. triticina. When the C. zedoaria methanol extracts were partitioned with various solvents, the layers of n-hexane, methylene chloride, and ethyl acetate showed disease control values of 100, 80, and 43%, respectively, against wheat leaf rust. From the C. zedoaria rhizome extracts, an antifungal substance was isolated and identified as a sesquiterpene ketolactone based on the mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectral data. The active compound controlled the development of rice sheath blight, wheat leaf rust, and tomato late blight. Considering the in vivo antifungal activities of the sesquiterpene ketolactone and the C. zedoaria extracts, these results suggest that C. zedoaria can be used as a potent fungicide in organic agriculture.     

Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Algorithms for Simulation of Oil Pollution

This paper deals with the mathematical modeling and algorithms for the problem of oil pollution. For solving this task, we derive the adjoint problem for the advection–diffusion equation describing the propagation of oil slick after an accident, which we call the main problem. We prove a fundamental equality between the solutions of the main and the adjoint problems. Based on this equality, we propose a novel method for the identification of the pollution source location and the accident time of oil emission. This approach is illustrated on an example for an accident in the offshore of the central part of the Vietnamese coast. Numerical simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Besides, the method is verified for 1D model of substance propagation.     

油田采出水回用技术研究进展

综述了离子交换技术、膜技术、冷冻技术和蒸馏技术等油田废水回用技术的研究进展,并对油田采出水回用技术的发展方向进行了展望。     

铜、锌氰配合物在离子交换纤维上的扩散、吸附机理

运用Boyd液膜扩散公式和范山鹰等提出的扩散模型,考察了碱性溶液中铜、锌氰配合物在离子交换纤维上的扩散行为;通过分析吸附前后纤维上官能团的位置变化以及解吸前后纤维上元素含量的变化,研究铜、锌氰配合物在纤维上的吸附机理。实验结果表明,离子交换纤维对铜、锌配合物的吸附在反应初期,以液膜扩散为主控制步骤,反应后期,以空隙扩散为主控制步骤。并运用离子交换纤维在水溶液中具有类似胶体型物质的双电层结构解释了不同控制阶段吸附速率不同的原因,虽然各阶段吸附速率有所不同,但纤维对铜、锌氰配合物的吸附均为离子交换机制。     

小龙潭电厂脱硫工艺的探讨

介绍了国外几种成熟的脱硫工艺，通过分析与比较并结合小龙潭电厂的实际情况，最终选择烟气循环流化床半干法作为该电厂褐煤锅炉的脱硫工艺。     

磁黄铁矿氧化机理及酸性矿山废水防治的研究进展

磁黄铁矿是矿山尾矿堆中最为常见且分布很广的一种硫化铁矿物.由于硫化物矿物氧化后不仅产生酸性废水,还会释放出大量可溶的、生物可利用形态的微量金属,并且酸性环境会进一步增强这些有毒金属的移动性,因此是造成矿山周围水体环境污染的罪魁祸首.为了阻止或降低磁黄铁矿的自然风化反应速度从而达到源头治理酸性矿山废水的目的,首先必须研究它在各种条件下的氧化机理、氧化产物和氧化速度.对近年来国外在磁黄铁矿晶体结构、反应活性以及酸性矿山废水的产生与防治等方面的研究进行了综述.     

Mobility of heavy metals associated with the natural weathering of coal mine spoils

Knowledge of chemical mobility of heavy metals is fundamental to understanding their toxicity, bioavailability, and geochemical behavior. In this paper, two different methods, i.e. mineralogical means and sequential extractions, were employed to analyze the total contents, existing states, and chemical forms of heavy metals in coal mine spoils. The results demonstrate that the mobility of heavy metals in coal mine spoils depends not only on their existing states and the stability of their host minerals but also on the properties of the coal mine spoils. In the process of coal mine spoils-water interaction, sulfides that contain heavy metals first break down and release metals, which are then adsorbed and complexed by the iron oxyhydroxide colloid resulting from pyrite oxidization and organic matter. During the natural weathering of coal mine spoils, only a small fraction of these metals are released to the environment, and most of them still remains in the residual material.     

针铁矿-腐殖酸的复合物对泰乐菌素的吸附

针铁矿与腐殖酸共存于环境中时,会通过一定的相互作用形成有机矿质复合体,这种复合体会对抗生素在环境中的吸附产生一定的影响。研究了针铁矿与腐殖酸的复合物对泰乐菌素的吸附特性。结果表明:针铁矿与腐殖酸的复合是通过化学作用进行结合的;针铁矿与腐殖酸复合之后,其对泰乐菌素的吸附能力明显增强;针铁矿及其与腐殖酸的复合物对泰乐菌素的吸附动力学可以用二级动力学模型和扩散模型较好的拟合,吸附具有明显的非线性,吸附等温线可以用Freundlich模型较好地拟合;针铁矿及其与腐殖酸的复合物对泰乐菌素的吸附受溶液pH值和离子强度的影响,且吸附机制主要以疏水性分配作用、氢键作用、离子交换和表面络合机制为主。     

基本过程控制系统(BPCS)作为独立保护层的探讨

对于特定场景,识别现有的防护措施是否满足独立保护层（IPL）的要求是保护层分析技术的核心内容。基本过程控制系统（BPCS）作为一种基本保护措施,在一定的条件下可以作为一种IPL。探讨BPCS作为IPL必须满足的条件,分析同一BPCS多重功能回路作为IPL的方法、各种影响因素、限制条件、所需的专业知识和信息及注意事项。在实际运用中,必须谨慎识别同一BPCS多重功能回路作为同一场景下的多个IPL。