镇江地区土壤中有机氯农药残留状况研究

2006年11月采集了镇江地区69个土壤表层样品,利用ASE萃取后使用GC（ECD）法测定样品中的BHC和滴滴涕的含量。结果表明,镇江地区土壤中的BHC的检出率不高,但是滴滴涕的检出率比较高;冲积平原的检出率高于林地和滩涂;蔬菜和水稻种植区域的污染比草地、灌木丛和林地严重。     

Assessment of non-occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons through personal air sampling and urinary biomonitoring

Non-occupational inhalation and ingestion exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has been studied in 8 non-smoking volunteers through personal air sampling and urinary biomonitoring. The study period was divided into 4 segments (2 days/segment), including weekdays with regular commute and weekends with limited traffic related exposures; each segment had a high or low PAH diet. Personal air samples were collected continuously from the subjects while at home, at work, and while commuting to and from work. All urine excretions were collected as individual samples during the study. In personal air samples, 28 PAHs were measured, and in urine samples 9 mono-hydroxylated metabolites (OH-PAHs) from 4 parent PAHs (naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene and pyrene) were measured. Naphthalene was found at higher concentrations in air samples collected at the subjects' residences, whereas PAHs with four or more aromatic rings were found at higher levels in samples taken while commuting. Urinary OH-PAH biomarker levels increased following reported high inhalation and/or dietary exposure. On days with a low PAH diet, the total amount of inhaled naphthalene during each 24-hour period was well correlated with the amount of excreted naphthols, as was, to a lesser extent, fluorene with its urinary metabolites. During days with a high dietary intake, only naphthalene was significantly correlated with its excreted metabolite. These findings suggest that this group of non-occupational subjects were exposed to naphthalene primarily through indoor air inhalation, and exposed to other PAHs such as pyrene mainly through ingestion.     

基于Landsat-8数据和劈窗算法的地表温度反演及城市热岛效应研究

陆地表面温度(Land Surface Temperature,LST)是地表能量平衡组分中的一个重要参数。随着卫星遥感技术的快速发展,遥感反演成为获取区域LST的一个重要手段。目前已有学者提出多种基于遥感数据反演LST的算法,其中劈窗算法被证明是一种精度较高的算法。基于Landsat-8卫星30 m空间分辨率的陆地成像仪(OLI)数据和100 m分辨率的热红外传感器(TIRS)数据,采用劈窗算法计算了无锡地区的LST,并采用地面实测水温数据和同步的MODIS温度产品对Landsat-8的计算结果进行了验证和对比分析。结果表明:基于Landsat-8数据和劈窗算法获取的LST精度较高,误差1K。在计算的LST结果基础上,进一步提取了热场变异指数来分析城市热岛空间分布特征,给出了城市热岛效应的定量化描述,并就不同地表覆盖类型对热岛效应的影响进行了分析。     

Spatial distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils from typical oil-sewage irrigation area, Northeast China

Air pollution is one of the major environmental problems in India, affecting health of thousands of 'urban' residents residing in mega cities. The need of the day is to evolve an 'effective' and 'efficient' air quality management plan (AQMP) encompassing the essential 'key players' and 'stakeholders.' This paper describes the formulation of an AQMP for mega cities like Delhi in India taking into account the aforementioned key 'inputs.' The AQMP formulation methodology is based on past studies of Longhurst et al., (Atmospheric Environment, 30, 3975-3985, 1996); Longhurst & Elsom, ((1997). Air Pollution-II, Vol. 2 (pp. 525-532)) and Beatti et al., (Atmospheric Environment, 35, 1479-1490, 2001). Further, the vulnerability analysis (VA) has been carried out to evaluate the stresses due to air pollution in the study area. The VA has given the vulnerability index (VI) of 'medium to high' and 'low' at urban roadways/intersections and residential areas, respectively.     

Satellite detection of land-use change and effects on regional forest aboveground biomass estimates

We used remote-sensing-driven models to detect land-cover change effects on forest aboveground biomass (AGB) density (Mg.ha(-1), dry weight) and total AGB (Tg) in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan USA, between the years 1992-2001, and conducted an evaluation of the approach. Inputs included remotely-sensed 1992 reflectance data and land-cover map (University of Maryland) from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and 2001 products from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) at 1-km resolution for the region; and 30-m resolution land-cover maps from the National Land Cover Data (NLCD) for a subarea to conduct nine simulations to address our questions. Sensitivity analysis showed that (1) AVHRR data tended to underestimate AGB density by 11%, on average, compared to that estimated using MODIS data; (2) regional mean AGB density increased slightly from 124 (1992) to 126 Mg ha(-1) (2001) by 1.6%; (3) a substantial decrease in total forest AGB across the region was detected, from 2,507 (1992) to 1,961 Tg (2001), an annual rate of -2.4%; and (4) in the subarea, while NLCD-based estimates suggested a 26% decrease in total AGB from 1992 to 2001, AVHRR/MODIS-based estimates indicated a 36% increase. The major source of uncertainty in change detection of total forest AGB over large areas was due to area differences from using land-cover maps produced by different sources. Scaling up 30-m land-cover map to 1-km resolution caused a mean difference of 8% (in absolute value) in forest area estimates at the county-level ranging from 0 to 17% within a 95% confidence interval.     

离子色谱法测定环境空气中氯化氢降低空白值的方法

用离子色谱法测定环境空气中低浓度氯化氢,是通过测定氯离子质量浓度间接测定氯化氢的质量浓度,测定过程极易受外来氯离子的干扰,使空白值偏高。通过试验确定测定过程中可能存在氯离子干扰的环节,并采取一系列方法消除前期准备、采样和分析全过程中的干扰,以降低空白值。     

Risk assessment and monitoring of dinotefuran and its metabolites for Chinese consumption of apples

Residues of dinotefuran and its metabolites, 1-methyl-3-(tetrahydro-3-furylmethyl)urea (UF) and 1-methyl-3-(tetrahydro-3-furylmethyl)guanidine (DN), in apple were investigated using a “QuEChERS” (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, safe) pretreatment and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Limits of detection (LODs) and quantification (LOQs) of dinotefuran, UF, and DN in apples were 0.011–0.960 and 0.037–3.200 μg/kg, respectively. The average recoveries of dinotefuran, UF, and DN in apple ranged from 70.0 to 83.6% with relative standard deviations less than 13%. A formulation of 20% water-dispersible dinotefuran granules was sprayed at 1–1.5-fold the recommended dose 3–4 times on apple trees. Total terminal residues of dinotefuran in apple were less than 2 mg/kg, which is the maximum residue limit (MRL) set by Japan. When following the recommended application guidelines, dinotefuran is unlikely to present significant health concerns to the Chinese population because the risk quotient (RQ) is less than 100%. This work could provide guidance for the safe use of dinotefuran and serve as a reference for the establishment of a maximum residue limit of dinotefuran in apple in China.     

几种常见被动采样技术在水环境中研究进展

总结了半透膜被动采样器(SPMDs)、极性有机化合物整合采样器(POCIS)、化学捕收器(Chemcatcher)和硅橡胶被动采样器(Silicon rubber)几种常用被动采样器的结构组成、应用模型、原理、样品的前处理、影响因素及应用范围,指出几种被动采样技术应用上存在的问题,并对其应用前景进行总结和展望。     

β-FeOOH/蜂窝陶瓷催化臭氧化高效去除饮用水中有机污染物

市售蜂窝陶瓷经过氧化铝涂层后,进一步负载β-FeOOH活性组分,制得改性蜂窝陶瓷催化剂(β-FeOOH/Ce-ramic honeycomb,β-FeOOH/CH)。与单独臭氧氧化相比,基于该催化剂的固定床反应装置体现出更好的臭氧化活性,反应20 min后,水中的2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D)就可以完全去除,其矿化效率也可以达到80%以上。进一步考察了进水流速、有机物浓度等因素对多相催化臭氧化效率的影响,结果表明:β-FeOOH/CH可以显著提高臭氧的利用效率,能够有效去除水中包括2,4-D在内的多种有机污染物,而且催化剂可以重复使用,在长期的运行实验中其催化性能没有明显下降,该反应装置在饮用水深度处理领域具有很好的应用潜力。