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31.
M. S. Foster 《Marine Biology》1975,32(4):313-329
Algal succession within a subtidal forest of the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera was studied by following colonization and community development on concrete blocks fastened to the bottom. Sets of blocks were placed in the bed at 3-month intervals. Subsequent algal development on each set was followed for over a year. All macroscopic species attached to the substrata were noted, and the number and lenght of basal branches determined every 1 to 3 months. Colonizing plants fell into 3 categories: rapid-growing ephemerals, and rapid and slow-growing perennials. Ephemerals such as Giffordia (Ectocarpus) mitchellae, Colpomenia peregrina, and diatom films generally produced and initial bloom on the blocks but were gradually replaced by perennials (articulated corallines, Rhodymenia spp., Gigartina spp.) characteristic of the mature kelp community. These stages, rather than representing “ecological” succession, seemed to reflect differences in growth rate and success in interspecific competition for space and light. Colonization on the blocks varied with season, indicating that most species have either a spring-summer or fall-winter period of maximum reproduction. M. pyrifera sporophyte colonization was greatest in spring. During community development, algal diversity (H), number of species (s) and evenness (J) all reached a peak within 100 to 200 days regardless of the time the blocks were started. Diversity and number of species then fell as ephemeral species disappeared. These species were apparently unable to compete with perennials and, once gone, did not recolonize. Evenness remained high. 相似文献
32.
Tris(4-chlorophenyl)methanol (TCPM) is a global contaminant of unknown origin that is structurally related to the endocrine modulating pesticides 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) and Dicofol. Therefore, the potential reproductive toxic effects of TCPM were investigated in sexually mature male Sprague Dawley rats (n = 20) treated with 1.0, 10.0 or 100 ppm of TCPM mixed in the diet for 28 days. The calculated TCPM intake was 0.0, 0.1, 1.2 and 12.4 mg/kg/day, respectively. Serum concentrations of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in terminal blood samples were significantly (P < 0.02) elevated in the highest dose group compared to the controls. In contrast, dietary exposure to TCPM had no effect on circulating levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone (T) and the T/LH ratio. Incubation of MCF-7 cells with increasing concentrations of TCPM failed to either induce proliferation or to block the proliferative effect induced by estradiol indicating that TCPM is neither estrogenic or anti-estrogenic. Relative binding affinity studies using androgen receptors from the prostate revealed that TCPM has a binding affinity comparable to 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (p,p'-DDE), the principle metabolite of DDT. In addition, the calculated Ki (0.62 microM) for TCPM is lower than the reported Ki's for the antiandrogenic pesticides p,p'-DDE and vinclozolin. Although TCPM binds with the androgen receptor in vitro, the absence of both an effect on serum T levels and morphological changes in the testis suggests that the mechanism of action for elevated FSH levels seen in vivo may not involve an antiandrogenic effect of TCPM at the dose level used in this study. The no adverse effect level for reproductive effects of TCPM is 10 ppm which is equivalent to a calculated intake of 1.2 mg/kg/day. 相似文献
33.
Blubber biopsy and blood samples were collected from weaned grey seal pups and juveniles in 1998 and 1999. The relationship between the concentration of total PDBEs in the blubber and the circulating concentrations of serum proteins, minerals and thyroid hormones was investigated. Fifty-four post-weaned pups were sampled and 55 first year juveniles, of which 13 were recaptured post-weaned pups. The median concentration of total PBDEs in the pups' blubber was 170 and 460 ng g(-1) in the first-year animals. Total blubber PBDEs contributed significantly to the prediction of circulating thyroid hormone concentrations, after controlling for age and condition. Cholesterol and albumin concentrations were also positively related to blubber PBDEs. The results of this study suggest a link between thyroid hormones and exposure to PBDEs in grey seals during their first year of life. Such an association is not alone sufficient evidence for a cause and effect relationship, however it is in accordance with the hypothesis that these compounds are endocrine disrupters in grey seal pups. 相似文献
34.
A critical examination of bathing water quality standards 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
35.
We investigated the cues used by the intertidal insect Anurida maritima (Apterygota: Collembola) to orient to the appropriate zone in which to seek shelter during high tide. Our experiments clearly
ruled out any significant role for magnetic, local topographic, slope or celestial cues. Instead, we suggest that the difference
between the appearance of the up-shore and the down-shore horizon is the major cue used by the collembolans. When a mirror
was used to duplicate either of the two horizons, the insects were not able to orient. The insects moved towards an artificially
dark horizon (the reverse of the mirror) placed down-shore, the opposite of their usual direction of movement. The insects
had an endogenous circatidal rhythm of phototactic behaviour: most of the population was always negatively phototactic, but
between 2 and 7 h after low tide, a significant proportion of the population became positively phototactic. This is the first
demonstration of an endogenous tidal rhythm of orientation in an insect.
Received: 31 May 1999 / Received in revised form: 1 February 2000 / Accepted: 19 February 2000 相似文献
36.
Norma Lewis Kirankumar Topudurti Gary Welshans Robert Foster 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(4):540-547
This paper presents the Geld evaluation results of the ultraviolet radiation (UV)/oxidation technology developed by Ultrox International, Santa Ana, California. The Geld evaluation was performed at the Lorentz Barrel and Drum (LB&D) site in San Jose, California, under the Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation program in February and March of 1989. The UV/oxidation technology uses UV radiation, ozone, and hydrogen peroxide to oxidize organic contaminants present in water. At the LB&D site, this technology was evaluated in treating ground water contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The Ultrox system achieved VOC removals greater than 90 percent. Most VOCs were removed through chemical oxidation. However, for a few VOCs, such as 1, 1, 1-trichloroethane and 1, 1-dichloroethane, stripping also contributed toward removal. The treated ground water met the applicable discharge standards for discharge into a local waterway at 95 percent confidence level. There were no harmful air emissions to the atmosphere from the Ultrox system, which is equipped with an off-gas treatment unit. 相似文献
37.
A climatic driver for abrupt mid-Holocene vegetation dynamics and the hemlock decline in New England 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The mid-Holocene decline of eastern hemlock is widely viewed as the sole prehistorical example of an insect- or pathogen-mediated collapse of a North American tree species and has been extensively studied for insights into pest-host dynamics and the consequences to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems of dominant-species removal. We report paleoecological evidence implicating climate as a major driver of this episode. Data drawn from sites across a gradient in hemlock abundance from dominant to absent demonstrate: a synchronous, dramatic decline in a contrasting taxon (oak); changes in lake sediments and aquatic taxa indicating low water levels; and one or more intervals of intense drought at regional to continental scales. These results, which accord well with emerging climate reconstructions, challenge the interpretation of a biotically driven hemlock decline and highlight the potential for climate change to generate major, abrupt dynamics in forest ecosystems. 相似文献
38.
Kerswell AP 《Ecology》2006,87(10):2479-2488
Species richness patterns are remarkably similar across many marine taxa, yet explanations of how such patterns are generated and maintained are conflicting. I use published occurrence data to identify previously masked latitudinal and longitudinal diversity gradients for all genera of benthic marine macroalgae and for species in the Order Bryopsidales. I also quantify the size, location, and overlap of macroalgal geographic ranges to determine how the observed richness patterns are generated. Algal genera exhibit an inverse latitudinal gradient, with biodiversity hotspots in temperate regions, while bryopsidalean species reach peak diversity in the tropics. The geographic distribution of range locations results in distinct clusters of range mid-points. In particular, widespread taxa are centered within tight latitudinal and longitudinal bands in the middle of the Indo-Pacific and Atlantic Oceans while small-ranged taxa are clustered in peripheral locations, suggesting that variation in speciation and extinction are important drivers of algal diversity patterns. Hypotheses about factors that regulate diversity contain underlying assumptions about the size and location of geographic ranges, in addition to predictions as to why species numbers will differ among regions. Yet these assumptions are rarely considered in assessing the validity of the prevailing hypotheses. I assess a suite of hypotheses, suggested to explain patterns of marine diversity, by comparing algal-richness patterns in combination with the size and location of algal geographic ranges, to the richness and range locations predicted by these hypotheses. In particular, the results implicate habitat areas and ocean currents as the most plausible drivers of observed diversity patterns. 相似文献
39.
Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban stormwater runoff flowing into the tidal Anacostia River, Washington, DC, USA 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
To investigate the sources, fate, and transport dynamics of PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) in stormwater runoff that is a leading source of pollution in urban watersheds, storm and base flow samples were collected in six branches along the lower Anacostia River. PAHs in storm flow (1510-12,500 ng/L) were significantly enriched in the particle phase, which accounted for 68-97% of the total PAHs. It suggests that reducing particles in stormwater using post-treatment system would decrease PAHs considerably. The solid-water distribution coefficients (KD) of PAHs in the storm flow samples were up to 340 times higher than predicted values. A greater portion of high molecular weight PAHs and their distribution patterns indicate higher contribution of automobile originated pyrogenic PAHs. Total suspended solids in storm flow had a positive relationship with flow rates and exceeded benchmark level for the protection of aquatic biota in some samples. 相似文献
40.
Mackay D Foster KL Patwa Z Webster E 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2006,13(1):2-8
- DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/espr2006.01.002
Background Davide Calamari and his colleagues were among the first to appreciate that vegetation could play a key role in determining
the fate and effects of organic contaminants. They conducted pioneering experiments to investigate the uptake of contaminants
by plants from the atmosphere and they sought to model the observed phenomena. In the nearly two decades since there has been
a marked increase in understanding of these phenomena as a result of both experimental and modelling studies.
- Goal. In this study we briefly review our current understanding of chemical partitioning between foliage and air. A model
in both fugacity and concentration format is described, based on that of Tolls and McLachlan (1994), in which the leaf is
treated as consisting of two layers, a waxy cuticle with an underlying 'reservoir' layer, the cuticle being surrounded by
an air boundary layer and containing stomata that provide direct access from the air to the 'reservoir'. The model quantifies
the dynamic penetration of a defined chemical into a defined leaf as a function of time.
Main Features The model is applied for illustrative purposes to a hypothetical but typical leaf for a set of illustrative chemicals to
demonstrate the effect of changes in physical-chemical properties and leaf characteristics.
Discussion The results are compared qualitatively with a variety of field and laboratory studies of foliage uptake and clearance of
chemicals.
Conclusion It is concluded that the model yields results that are generally consistent with observations. It is suggested that with
appropriate parameterisation and validation, the model can contribute to an improved understanding of the process of foliage
uptake from the atmosphere and to the development of an improved predictive capability. 相似文献