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241.
242.
Ruben Kos’yan Sergey Kuklev Boris Khanukaev Alexander Kochergin 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》2012,16(3):243-250
The seacoasts protection does not stand standard solutions. Every part of a shore needs to be creatively approached and its hydrodynamic, lithodynamic, geological, geomorphological and other peculiarities must be thoroughly studied for each particular situation. It takes a complex scientific approach considering not only local features, but also the reaction of the whole lithodynamic system in limits of which the coast protective activity is planned with consideration of calculated hydrodynamic parameters (waves, sea level, etc.). 相似文献
243.
Timothy J. Alexander Craig R. Johnson Malcolm Haddon Neville S. Barrett Graham J. Edgar 《Marine Biology》2014,161(8):1799-1808
Few studies examine the long-term effects of changing predator size and abundance on the habitat associations of resident organisms despite that this knowledge is critical to understand the ecosystem effects of fishing. Marine reserves offer the opportunity to determine ecosystem-level effects of manipulated predator densities, while parallel monitoring of adjacent fished areas allows separating these effects from regional-scale change. Relationships between two measures of benthic habitat structure (reef architecture and topographic complexity) and key invertebrate species were followed over 17 years at fished and protected subtidal rocky reefs associated with two southern Australian marine reserves. Two commercially harvested species, the southern rock lobster (Jasus edwardsii) and blacklip abalone (Haliotis rubra) were initially weakly associated with habitat structure across all fished and protected sites. The strength of association with habitat for both species increased markedly at protected sites 2 years after marine reserve declaration, and then gradually weakened over subsequent years. The increasing size of rock lobster within reserves apparently reduced their dependency on reef shelters as refuges from predation. Rising predation by fish and rock lobster in the reserves corresponded with weakening invertebrate–habitat relationships for H. rubra and sea urchins (Heliocidaris erythrogramma). These results emphasise that animal–habitat relationships are not necessarily stable through time and highlight the value of marine reserves as reference sites. Our work shows that fishery closures to enhance populations of commercially important and keystone species should be in areas with a range of habitat features to accommodate shifting ecological requirements with ontogenesis. 相似文献
244.
Häring Ivo Fehling-Kaschek Mirjam Miller Natalie Faist Katja Ganter Sebastian Srivastava Kushal Jain Aishvarya Kumar Fischer Georg Fischer Kai Finger Jörg Stolz Alexander Leismann Tobias Hiermaier Stefan Carli Marco Battisti Federica Makri Rodoula Celozzi Giuseppe Belesioti Maria Sfakianakis Evangelos Agrafioti Evita Chalkidou Anastasia Papadakis George Fuggini Clemente Bolletta Fabio Neri Alberto Giunta Guiseppe Scheithauer Hermann Höflinger Fabian Schott Dominik J. Schindelhauer Christian Köhler Sven Linkov Igor 《The Environmentalist》2021,41(2):286-329
Environment Systems and Decisions - Organizational and technical approaches have proven successful in increasing the performance and preventing risks at socio-technical systems at all scales.... 相似文献
245.
Alexander Zizka Daniele Silvestro Pati Vitt Tiffany M. Knight 《Conservation biology》2021,35(3):897-908
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments are essential for prioritizing conservation needs but are resource intensive and therefore available only for a fraction of global species richness. Automated conservation assessments based on digitally available geographic occurrence records can be a rapid alternative, but it is unclear how reliable these assessments are. We conducted automated conservation assessments for 13,910 species (47.3% of the known species in the family) of the diverse and globally distributed orchid family (Orchidaceae), for which most species (13,049) were previously unassessed by IUCN. We used a novel method based on a deep neural network (IUC-NN). We identified 4,342 orchid species (31.2% of the evaluated species) as possibly threatened with extinction (equivalent to IUCN categories critically endangered [CR], endangered [EN], or vulnerable [VU]) and Madagascar, East Africa, Southeast Asia, and several oceanic islands as priority areas for orchid conservation. Orchidaceae provided a model with which to test the sensitivity of automated assessment methods to problems with data availability, data quality, and geographic sampling bias. The IUC-NN identified possibly threatened species with an accuracy of 84.3%, with significantly lower geographic evaluation bias relative to the IUCN Red List and was robust even when data availability was low and there were geographic errors in the input data. Overall, our results demonstrate that automated assessments have an important role to play in identifying species at the greatest risk of extinction. 相似文献
246.
Ksenya V. Mjachina Chris. W. Baynard Alexander A. Chibilyev Robert D. Richardson 《国际发展与全球生态学杂志》2018,25(6):541-553
Exploration and development of oil and gas (O&G) energy resources can create large-scale and permanent landscape effects that are best measured and understood via fieldwork and geospatial technologies. In this article, we examine O&G surface disturbance in the Orenburg steppe region of southwestern Russia for the year 2015. Utilizing field surveys, remote-sensing data and geographic information system (GIS) techniques, we apply a two-pronged approach. First, we map and measure the landscape infrastructure footprint (LIF) to determine the pattern and extent of direct surface disturbance created by O&G facilities and access roads. Second, we conduct a site suitability analysis to identify specific O&G production locations that are most vulnerable to environmental degradation. The approach considers both the particular properties of hydrocarbon production and specific natural features of steppe zones. Suitability patterns represent three indicators: two morphometric parameters (slope and aspect) and one spatial (the remoteness of O&G objects from water bodies). Our findings suggest that O&G production disturbs just over 3% of soil-vegetation cover in our study plot, while more than 13% of O&G objects are located in unsuitable zones based on topographic aspect, and about 11% lie in unsuitable zones regarding distance to water. 相似文献
247.
Alexander D. M. Wilson Robert L. McLaughlin 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2010,64(11):1905-1914
Recently emerged brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis) foraging in still-water pools along the sides of streams are either active, feeding on insects from the upper portion of
the water column away from the stream bank, or sedentary, feeding on crustaceans emerging from the hyporheic zone near the
stream bank. We tested whether the frequency of movement displayed by individual brook charr searching for prey in the field
was related to the relative volume of the telencephalon, a brain region involved with movement and space use in fishes. Movement
of individuals searching for prey was quantified in the field, individuals were captured and volumes of the telencephalon
and of the olfactory bulbs, a brain region neighbouring the telencephalon but not implicated in space use, were measured.
Individuals with larger telencephalon volumes moved more frequently on average while searching for prey in the field than
did individuals with smaller telencephalon volumes. The frequency of movement was unrelated to differences in the volume of
the olfactory bulbs, suggesting that the relationship between telencephalon volume and movement was not a consequence of differences
in overall brain size. Demonstrating a correlation between foraging behaviour and brain morphology for brook charr exhibiting
different foraging tactics suggests that diversification in brain structure and function could be important aspects of the
foraging specialization believed to occur during early stages in the evolution and development of resource polymorphisms. 相似文献
248.
Alexander D. M. Wilson Emily M. Whattam Rachel Bennett Laksanavadee Visanuvimol Chris Lauzon Susan M. Bertram 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2010,64(5):703-715
Recently, there has been increasing interest in behavioral syndrome research across a range of taxa. Behavioral syndromes
are suites of correlated behaviors that are expressed either within a given behavioral context (e.g., mating) or between different
contexts (e.g., foraging and mating). Syndrome research holds profound implications for animal behavior as it promotes a holistic
view in which seemingly autonomous behaviors may not evolve independently, but as a “suite” or “package.” We tested whether
laboratory-reared male and female European house crickets, Acheta domesticus, exhibited behavioral syndromes by quantifying individual differences in activity, exploration, mate attraction, aggressiveness,
and antipredator behavior. To our knowledge, our study is the first to consider such a breadth of behavioral traits in one
organism using the syndrome framework. We found positive correlations across mating, exploratory, and antipredatory contexts,
but not aggression and general activity. These behavioral differences were not correlated with body size or condition, although
age explained some of the variation in motivation to mate. We suggest that these across-context correlations represent a boldness
syndrome as individual risk-taking and exploration was central to across-context mating and antipredation correlations in
both sexes. 相似文献
249.
Claudia Vitone Antonio Federico Alexander M. Puzrin Michael Ploetze Elettra Carrassi Francesco Todaro 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2016,23(13):12535-12553
This paper reports the results of the first geomechanical laboratory experiments carried out on the polluted submarine clayey sediments of the Mar Piccolo in Taranto (South of Italy). The study had to face with extreme difficulties for the very soft consistency of the sediments and the contaminants. The mineralogy, composition and physical properties of the sediments were analysed, along with their compression and shearing behaviour. The investigation involved sediments up to about 20 m below the seafloor, along three vertical profiles in the most polluted area of the Mar Piccolo, facing the Italian Navy Arsenal. The experimental results were used to derive a preliminary geotechnical model of the site, necessary for the selection and design of the most sustainable in situ mitigation solutions. Moreover, the experimental data reveal that the clayey sediments of the most polluted top layer do not follow the classical geotechnical correlations for normally consolidated deposits. This seems to open interesting perspectives about the effects of pollutants on the geotechnical behaviour of the investigated sediments. 相似文献
250.
Pär Byström Ulf Bergström Alexander Hjälten Sofie Ståhl David Jonsson Jens Olsson 《Ambio》2015,44(3):462-471
Intraguild predation interactions make fish communities prone to exhibit alternative stable states with either piscivore or prey fish dominance. In the Baltic Sea, local declines of coastal piscivores like perch (Perca fluviatilis) have been observed to coincide with high densities of sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Mechanisms behind this shift between piscivore and stickleback dominance were studied both experimentally and in field. Results showed that predation by sticklebacks has a strong negative effect on perch larvae survival, but this effect rapidly decreases with increasing perch size, likely due to gape limitations and digestion constraints in sticklebacks. Large spatial and temporal variations in patterns of stickleback migration into perch spawning sites were observed. Whether or not high density of sticklebacks will cause declines in coastal piscivore populations is suggested to depend on the availability of spawning sites in which sticklebacks do not migrate into or arrive late in the reproduction season of coastal piscivores. 相似文献