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201.
Diana Soto José Urdaneta Kelly Pernia Orietta León Alexandra Muñoz-Bonilla Marta Fernández-García 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2016,24(4):343-355
Hydrogels were synthesized by free radical graft copolymerization of itaconic acid (IA) onto corn starch (S-g-IA). For this purpose, potassium permanganate (KMnO4)-sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3) was used as redox initiation system. The formation of grafted starches was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, wide angle X-ray scattering, thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The effect of monomer concentration, neutralization, addition of crosslinking agent, N,N-bismetilenacrilamide (MBAm), and initiator concentration on grafting efficiency and adsorption capacity of the starch hydrogels was investigated. It was demonstrated that the introduction of carboxyl and carbonyl groups promoted starch hydration and swelling. Grafting degree increased with the decrease of monomer concentration, increase of initiator concentration, grade of neutralization and the addition of MBAm without neutralization. Remarkably the resulting materials exhibited water absorption capacities between 258 and 1878% and the ability to adsorb metal ions. It was experimentally confirmed the metal uptake, obtaining the higher adsorption capacity (q e = 35 mg/g) for the product prepared with the pre-oxidation and lower initiator concentration. The removal capacity order was Pb2+>Ni2+>Zn2+>Cd2+. Moreover, the experimental kinetic and the equilibrium adsorption data for Ni2+ and Pb2+ were best fitted to the pseudo-second order and Freundlich isotherm models, respectively. This work describes for the first time the preparation of metal removal hydrogels based on starch and itaconic acid using the pair redox system KMnO4/NaHSO3, which avoids the starch hydrolysis and allows itaconic acid grafting incorporation without the requirement of more reactive comonomers. 相似文献
202.
Timothy J. Olean Jeff L. Gentry Alexandra J. Salter‐Blanc Theresa M. Himmer Morgan Bruno Christos D. Tsiamis 《补救:环境净化治理成本、技术与工艺杂志》2016,26(3):9-25
In situ solidification (ISS) has been used with increasing frequency as a remedial technology for source area treatment at upland sites impacted with a variety of organic contaminants, including coal tar, creosote, and other nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs). With several large, complex, urban water ways and rivers impacted with NAPLs, ISS is more recently being considered as a technology of choice to help reduce remedial costs, minimize short‐ and long‐term impacts of mobile NAPL, and lower the carbon footprint. This article presents the results of a successful pilot study of ISS at the Gowanus Canal Superfund site in Brooklyn, New York. This represents the first major sediment ISS field demonstration project in a saline environment and the first project to evaluate large‐scale implementation of ISS from a barge and through overlaying sediment. ©2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
203.
Elisabeth Mathijs Ambroos Stals Leen Baert Nadine Botteldoorn Sarah Denayer Axel Mauroy Alexandra Scipioni Georges Daube Katelijne Dierick Lieve Herman Els Van Coillie Mieke Uyttendaele Etienne Thiry 《Food and environmental virology》2012,4(4):131-152
Human noroviruses (NoVs) are considered a worldwide leading cause of acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis. Due to a combination of prolonged shedding of high virus levels in feces, virus particle shedding during asymptomatic infections, and a high environmental persistence, NoVs are easily transmitted pathogens. Norovirus (NoV) outbreaks have often been reported and tend to affect a lot of people. NoV is spread via feces and vomit, but this NoV spread can occur through several transmission routes. While person-to-person transmission is without a doubt the dominant transmission route, human infective NoV outbreaks are often initiated by contaminated food or water. Zoonotic transmission of NoV has been investigated, but has thus far not been demonstrated. The presented review aims to give an overview of these NoV transmission routes. Regarding NoV person-to-person transmission, the NoV GII.4 genotype is discussed in the current review as it has been very successful for several decades but reasons for its success have only recently been suggested. Both pre-harvest and post-harvest contamination of food products can lead to NoV food borne illness. Pre-harvest contamination of food products mainly occurs via contact with polluted irrigation water in case of fresh produce or with contaminated harvesting water in case of bivalve molluscan shellfish. On the other hand, an infected food handler is considered as a major cause of post-harvest contamination of food products. Both transmission routes are reviewed by a summary of described NoV food borne outbreaks between 2000 and 2010. A third NoV transmission route occurs via water and the spread of NoV via river water, ground water, and surface water is reviewed. Finally, although zoonotic transmission remains hypothetical, a summary on the bovine and porcine NoV presence observed in animals is given and the presence of human infective NoV in animals is discussed. 相似文献
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206.
Though it is known that flower scent not only attracts pollinators but also herbivores, little is known about the importance
of flower scent on the distribution of leaf herbivores among individuals within a plant species. In this study we determined
the distribution of galls induced by the sawfly Pontania proxima (Serville 1823) (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae) on flowering and non-flowering representatives of several clones
belonging to Salix fragilis and S. × rubens (Salicaceae). Further, amounts and composition of scent of flowering and non-flowering twigs were compared (dynamic headspace-gas
chromatography–mass spectrometry, DHS-GC–MS), and a scent sample collected from flowering twigs of S. fragilis was tested by coupled gas chromatography and electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) on the antennae of P. proxima females. The results show that the presence of flower catkins on plants led to a higher degree of allocation with galls,
but the number of galls differed not between flowering and non-flowering plants. The DHS-GC–MS analyses revealed that the
total amount of flower scent emitted per flowering twig is about 90 times higher than the scent emitted by a non-flowering
twig. Further, several compounds were emitted only by flowering but not by non-flowering twigs. In the GC-EAD analyses, antennae
consistently responded not only to green leaf volatiles, but also to compounds emitted only by the flowers (e.g. 1,4-dimethoxybenzene).
These flower scent compounds are suggested to affect the host plant choice by attracting more sawflies from the distance to
flowering plants compared to non-flowering plants. The EAD-active compounds emitted from vegetative plant parts are assumed
to act as long-distance signals especially when flowers are absent on host plants, e.g. during the oviposition period of the
second generation of P. proxima. 相似文献
207.
Zhou Nicolette A. Fagnant-Sperati Christine S. Komen Evans Mwangi Benlick Mukubi Johnstone Nyangao James Hassan Joanne Chepkurui Agnes Maina Caroline van Zyl Walda B. Matsapola Peter N. Wolfaardt Marianne Ngwana Fhatuwani B. Jeffries-Miles Stacey Coulliette-Salmond Angela Peñaranda Silvia Shirai Jeffry H. Kossik Alexandra L. Beck Nicola K. Wilmouth Robyn Boyle David S. Burns Cara C. Taylor Maureen B. Borus Peter Meschke John Scott 《Food and environmental virology》2020,12(1):35-47
208.
209.
Thorsten Zellmann Alexandra S. B?uerle Reiner Doluschitz Dietmar Jahnke und Detlef Marell 《Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung》1999,11(3):181-186
Zusammenfassung Die Erfassung der Ist-Situation im Rahmen der Umweltprüfung bildet die Grundlage für effiziente Schritte im Rahmen der Implementierung
von Umweltmanagementsystemen (UMS). Diese Basis-analyse stützt sich auf die Elemente Wirkungsaudit, Management-audit und Rechtsaudit.
Durch die optimale Ausgestaltung einer Umweltprüfung wird bei der Implementierung eines UMS auch in der Landwirtschaft die
Basis für einen maximalen Nutzen des Anwenders geschaffen. Dieser Nutzen ist etwa für den Betrieb in seinen Innenbeziehungen,
die Transparenz der Betriebsabl?ufe, ?konomische Gesichtspunkte, wie z.B. Einsparpotentiale, Informationsgewinnung sowie Effizienzgesichtspunkte
durch die Dokumentation der Ablauforganisation. Darüber hinaus nutzt ein UMS bei externen Anforderungen, wie z.B. beim Umgang
mit der ?ffentlichkeit, Marktpartnern, der Stellung gegenüber Beh?rden, Deregulierung oder Haftungsminimierung.
相似文献
210.
Bruno Pennelli Karl-Otto Nagel Giuseppe Crivellaro Claudio Fabiani Alexandra Vancova Laura Mancini 《Water environment research》2006,78(4):446-455
The European Union Water Framework Directive requires the achievement of environmental objectives for the ecological quality of water bodies. A comparable implementation of the Directive throughout member countries of the European Union is necessary to verify equal protection of surface waters. The Directive specifies that member states determine ecological quality by means of biological indices. To improve comparability of water quality assessment, this research carried out an intercalibration trial between the Slovak Saprobic Index and the Italian protocol of the Extended Biotic Index, as part of a cooperative program between Italy and the Slovak Republic. When assessing streams with no or low pollution, statistics showed similar results for both methods. In contrast, the comparison of indices was not accurate in the case of severely affected waters. Reliable conversion formulas are feasible to transform the Italian Extended Biotic Index into the Slovak Saprobic Index, and not vice versa. 相似文献