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Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
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Guido Grause Alfons Buekens Yusaku Sakata Akitsugu Okuwaki Toshiaki Yoshioka 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2011,13(4):265-282
The first International Symposium on Feedstock Recycling of Polymeric Materials (ISFR) was hosted in 1999 in Sendai, Japan.
Since then, the ISFR has been held five times in different places in Asia and Europe. Each of these conferences focused on
special issues covered by the Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management. The topics included thermal processes with and without catalysts, wet processes in various solvents, the dehydrochlorination
of PVC, mechanical recycling and separation techniques, as well as the treatment of biomaterials. This review is a compilation
of the most interesting and important developments discussed at the ISFR during the last decade. 相似文献
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Jean Rouchaud Pascal Roucourt Alfons Vanachter Frans Benoit Norbert Ceustermans 《毒物与环境化学》2013,95(1):59-68
Broccoli and Chinese cabbage crops were treated at planting by pouring an emulsion of the fungicide chlorothalonil around the stem of the plant. During culture, chlorothalonil was biodegraded in soil into l,3‐dicarbamoyl‐2,4,5,6‐tetrachlorobenzene (compound 1), l,3‐dicyano‐4‐hydroxy‐2,5,6‐trichlorobenzene (compound 2), and l‐carbamoyl‐3‐cyano‐4‐hydroxy‐2,5,6‐trichlorobenzene (compound 3). Compounds 1 and 2 were the major metabolites in soil. In the harvested broccoli (in the flower) and Chinese cabbages (the leaves), the concentrations of chlorothalonil and of compounds 1 and 2 were lower respectively than 0.1, 0.1 and 0.5mg/kg fresh weight. 相似文献
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The oxycoal process with cryogenic oxygen supply 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Due to its large reserves, coal is expected to continue to play an important role in the future. However, specific and absolute
CO2 emissions are among the highest when burning coal for power generation. Therefore, the capture of CO2 from power plants may contribute significantly in reducing global CO2 emissions. This review deals with the oxyfuel process, where pure oxygen is used for burning coal, resulting in a flue gas
with high CO2 concentrations. After further conditioning, the highly concentrated CO2 is compressed and transported in the liquid state to, for example, geological storages. The enormous oxygen demand is generated
in an air-separation unit by a cryogenic process, which is the only available state-of-the-art technology. The generation
of oxygen and the purification and liquefaction of the CO2-enriched flue gas consumes significant auxiliary power. Therefore, the overall net efficiency is expected to be lowered by
8 to 12 percentage points, corresponding to a 21 to 36% increase in fuel consumption. Oxygen combustion is associated with
higher temperatures compared with conventional air combustion. Both the fuel properties as well as limitations of steam and
metal temperatures of the various heat exchanger sections of the steam generator require a moderation of the temperatures
during combustion and in the subsequent heat-transfer sections. This is done by means of flue gas recirculation. The interdependencies
among fuel properties, the amount and the temperature of the recycled flue gas, and the resulting oxygen concentration in
the combustion atmosphere are investigated. Expected effects of the modified flue gas composition in comparison with the air-fired
case are studied theoretically and experimentally. The different atmosphere resulting from oxygen-fired combustion gives rise
to various questions related to firing, in particular, with regard to the combustion mechanism, pollutant reduction, the risk
of corrosion, and the properties of the fly ash or the deposits that form. In particular, detailed nitrogen and sulphur chemistry
was investigated by combustion tests in a laboratory-scale facility. Oxidant staging, in order to reduce NO formation, turned
out to work with similar effectiveness as for conventional air combustion. With regard to sulphur, a considerable increase
in the SO2 concentration was found, as expected. However, the H2S concentration in the combustion atmosphere increased as well. Further results were achieved with a pilot-scale test facility,
where acid dew points were measured and deposition probes were exposed to the combustion environment. Besides CO2 and water vapour, the flue gas contains impurities like sulphur species, nitrogen oxides, argon, nitrogen, and oxygen. The
CO2 liquefaction is strongly affected by these impurities in terms of the auxiliary power requirement and the CO2 capture rate. Furthermore, the impurity of the liquefied CO2 is affected as well. Since the requirements on the liquid CO2 with regard to geological storage or enhanced oil recovery are currently undefined, the effects of possible flue gas treatment
and the design of the liquefaction plant are studied over a wide range. 相似文献
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Mengmei Zhang Alfons Buekens Xiaodong Li 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2018,20(3):1516-1529
Typical thermal fingerprints are rather evenly composed of all available polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) congeners, a feature also linked with CuCl2-catalysis. Conversely, chlorophenol condensation patterns are supported strongly by CrCl3-, ZnCl2- and CdCl2-catalysis; they feature selective formation of, e.g., 1,3,6,8- and 1,3,7,9-TCDD arising from mainly 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, a chlorophenol well-represented in incinerator flue gas. Just few, well-defined PCDD-congeners steadily emerge from chlorophenols. Surprisingly, it is experimentally established that these are not generally formed by parallel processes. Additionally, the formation of four important 2,3,7,8-substituted TCDD/F- and PeCDD/F-congeners is statistically quasi-unrelated. Apparently, external (α) or lateral (β)-chlorination occurs as a chance event, contrary to observations and hypotheses in earlier studies. These statements are corroborated by selected congener-to-congener representations. For performing this statistical analysis, simple techniques are followed. Cross-correlation matrices show a relationship for each pair of PCDD/F-congeners in a particular data set: PCDD/F-congener pairs statistically correlate, anti-correlate, or appear rather neutral. In this paper, these novel concepts were applied on data, established during tests on Model Fly Ash (MFA); principal component analysis was used to demonstrate the relevance of MFA-data in relation to municipal solid waste incineration signatures. 相似文献