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181.
Singing and the establishment and maintenance of dominance hierarchies in captive brown-headed cowbirds 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Alfred M. Dufty Jr. 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1986,19(1):49-55
Summary The importance of singing in the establishment and maintenance of dominance rank was investigated in captive flocks of brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater). Each flock consisted of 3 males and 1 female. In one experiment the two largest males in each of 4 flocks were temporarily devocalized by puncturing the interclavicular air sac just before group formation. The third male in each group was sham-operated. There was a significant tendency for the non-devocalized birds to become the dominant member of their group. Only sham-operated males sang immediately after the operation. In a second experiment, dominant males from flocks with established hierarchies were temporarily devocalized. None of these males lost their dominant positions, despite their inability to sing. These results suggest that song is important in the establishment of dominance rank; however, once established, social hierarchies may be maintained by non-vocal means, such as social inertia or individual recognition. 相似文献
182.
Stephen Chambal Mark Shoviak Alfred E. Thal Jr. 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2003,8(1):25-34
Value-focused thinking, a decision analysis technique, is used to produce a multiple-objective model that captures a site's municipal solid waste (MSW) management goals, objectives, and concerns in order to facilitate the evaluation of competing strategies. The model ranks competing MSW alternatives based on how well they meet the decision maker's strategic objective, a 20-year compliant MSW system. Sensitivity analysis is incorporated in the model to assess and illustrate the effects of changes in model objective weights and changes in model parameters. Overall, the model provides decision-makers with a decision tool to make a better decision when choosing a new MSW management strategy. The entire process is applied to a case study using Earekson Air Station, a remote U.S. Air Force installation. 相似文献
183.
Elevated particulate matter concentrations in urbanlocations have normally been associated with local trafficemissions. Recently it has been suggested that suchepisodes are influenced to a high degree by PM10sources external to urban areas. To further corroboratethis hypothesis, linear regression was sought betweenPM10 concentrations measured at eight urban sites inthe U.K., with particulate sulphate concentration measuredat two rural sites, for the years 1993–1997. Analysis ofthe slopes, intercepts and correlation coefficientsindicate a possible relationship between urban PM10and rural sulphate concentrations. The influences of winddirection and of the distance of the urban from the ruralsites on the values of the three statistical parametersare also explored. The value of linear regression as ananalysis tool in such cases is discussed and it is shownthat an analysis of the sign of the rate of change of theurban PM10 and rural sulphate concentrations providesa more realistic method of correlation. The resultsindicate a major influence on urban PM10 concentrations from the eastern side of the UnitedKingdom. Linear correlation was also sought using PM10 data from nine urban sites in London and nearby ruralRochester. Analysis of the magnitude of the gradients andintercepts together with episode correlation analysisbetween the two sites showed the effect of transportedPM10 on the local London concentrations. This articlealso presents methods to estimate the influence of ruraland urban PM10 sources on urban PM10 concentrations and to obtain a rough estimate of thetransboundary contribution to urban air pollution from thePM10 concentration data of the urban site. 相似文献
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186.
Jouko Kumpula Mika Kurkilahti Timo Helle Alfred Colpaert 《Regional Environmental Change》2014,14(2):541-559
Roles of intensive reindeer grazing and several additional land use factors in the reduction in ground lichens (Cladonia spp.) in pastures grazed by the semi-domesticated reindeer have been argued in Finland. Our analysis showed that several factors and processes explain the standing biomass of lichens (during 2005–2008) and the recent changes in this biomass (after 1995–1996) on lichen pastures located in the 20 northernmost herding districts in Finland. The higher the long-term reindeer densities on the lichen pastures the lower was the lichen biomass. The lichen biomass was also strongly affected by the grazing system; the lowest biomass values of lichens were measured in all grazing areas that were used in the snow-free seasons. The lichen biomass in pine forests less than 80 years old and in all mountain type lichen pastures was lower than that in mature and old pine forests. The lichen biomass also decreased as the proportion of arboreal lichen pastures within a district decreased and the proportion of human infrastructure increased. The aerial drift of heavy metals from the Kola Peninsula appeared to reduce lichens in a small north-eastern part of the study area. Increases in summer precipitation and winter temperatures increased the amount of lichens, but increases in summer temperatures and winter precipitation had the opposite effect. Reindeer densities, grazing system, pasture type and the previous abiotic factors were also associated with the reduction in lichen biomass between the inventories. We conclude that several local, regional and even global factors and processes affect the state of reindeer pastures in large and complex grazing ecosystems. Therefore, more comprehensive research and management strategies for the entire reindeer herding environment are needed. 相似文献
187.
Fabris-Rotelli Inger Reynolds Hayley Stein Alfred Loots Theodor 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》2020,27(4):827-845
Environmental and Ecological Statistics - Efforts are being made to contain rabies in Tanzania, reported in the southern highland regions, since 1954, and endemic in all districts in Tanzania... 相似文献
188.
Alfred T. Hodgson Joan M. Daisey Richard A. Grot 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(11):1461-1468
This study was conducted at a newly constructed federal office building in Portland, Oregon. The primary objectives were to identify the major sources of volatile organic compounds (VOC) in the building and to measure both long-term (one year) and short-term (several day) variations in concentrations and source strengths. Samples for VOC were collected on four occasions over a period of 14 months starting with the first month of occupancy. During the final sampling period, samples were collected over four days (Friday - Monday). The samples were analyzed for individual compounds and for total VOC (TVOC). The results were expressed as specific source strengths, as well as concentrations, to facilitate comparisons of measurements made under different ventilation conditions. The primary source of VOC in the building was identified as liquid-process photocopiers and plotters which emitted a characteristic mixture of C10-Cn isoparaffinic hydrocarbons. The specific source strength of TVOC, which was dominated by the emissions from these office machines, remained relatively constant over the course of the study. Motor vehicles in the below-ground parking garage were implicated as another major source of hydrocarbons in the building. Over the final four-day sampling period, the specific source strength of TVOC varied by about a factor of five, predominantly reflecting occupant use of office machines. 相似文献
189.
Adjei Mensah Isaac Sun Mei Gao Cuixia Omari-Sasu Akoto Yaw Sun Huaping Ampimah Benjamin Chris Quarcoo Alfred 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2020,27(31):38674-38694
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The main aim of this current study is to empirically scrutinize the determinants of energy consumption for 24 African countries sub-grouped into three... 相似文献
190.
Michael Ackah Alfred Kwablah Anim Nafisatu Zakaria Juliet Osei Esther Saah-Nyarko Eva Tabuaa Gyamfi Delali Tulasi Sheriff Enti-Brown John Hanson Nash Owusu Bentil 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2014,186(12):8499-8507
Twenty-three soft drink samples (i.e., four pineapple-based fruit drinks, eight citrus-based fruit juices, one soya-based drink, three cola carbonated drinks, one apple-based fruit drink, and six cocktail fruit drinks) were randomly purchased from retail outlets in an urban market in Accra and analyzed for the concentrations of iron, cobalt, cadmium, zinc, lead, and copper using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The mean concentration of iron and cadmium were 0.723?±?0.448 mg/L and 0.032?±?0.012 mg/L, respectively. The mean cobalt concentration was 0.071?±?0.049 mg/L, while the mean Zn concentration in the samples was 0.060?±?0.097 mg/L. The mean concentrations of Pb and Cu in the fruit juice samples were 0.178?±?0.091 mg/L and 0.053?±?0.063 mg/L respectively. About 78 % of the samples exceeded the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) maximum contaminant level of 0.3 mg/L prescribed for iron, whereas all the samples exceeded the USEPA maximum contaminant level of 0.005 mg/L prescribed for cadmium. About 91 % of the samples exceeded the EU maximum contaminant level prescribed for lead insoft drinks. 相似文献