Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Delhi has been identified as one of the highly polluted cities in the world and recently associated with the highest population weighted PM2.5... 相似文献
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In Turkey, facilities for the use of biomass resources in energy production are increasing, and new conversion facilities are commissioned every year... 相似文献
Energy and environmental issues have triggered the search for new sources of green energy alternatives in recent years. Biofuel production from renewable sources is widely considered one of the most sustainable alternatives for environmental and economic sustainability. Microalgae are currently being promoted as one of the most promising liquid biofuel feedstocks due to their rapid growth, high lipid production capacity, and carbon–neutral cycle. In this study, whole microalgae cells were utilized as raw material to produce solid biofuel, i.e., Bio-Coke, and this study aimed to investigate the possibility of microalgae Bio-Coke as an alternative to coal coke. The results show that Bio-Coke can be produced from microalgae in the temperature range of 80–100 °C. The apparent density is between 1.253 and 1.261 g/cm3, comparable to the apparent density of lignocellulosic Bio-Coke. Additionally, the calorific value is higher than the calorific value of lignocellulosic Bio-Coke and within the range of the calorific value of subbituminous coal. Therefore, microalgae Bio-Coke can be utilized to replace coal coke usage in the future.
In the context of a simple North–South model that focuses on the international movement of capital, we show how neglect of pollution-generating effects of foreign investment may lead to distorted and misleading policy recommendations. Such a neglect has recently received emphasis in the empirical literature on East Asian economies, as in Bello and Rosenfeld (1990, “Dragons in Distress: Asia's Miracle Economics in Crisis,” Food First, San Francisco), and was shown to overlook resulting tendencies in these economies toward specialization, away from agriculture and toward manufacturing. Our simple model formalizes this observation and allows us to show that even for an unspecialized capital-poor, resource-rich South, such pollution-generating effects provide incentives for the North to encourage, rather than to discourage, foreign investment abroad and strengthen Southern incentives to restrict foreign investment more sharply than is conventionally assumed. In a nutshell, it brings out the implications of Northern capital “creating its own demand” as a consequence of its adverse impact on the Southern resource base. Despite its simplicity, the model thus sheds light on three interrelated aspects of international trading relations: production asymmetry, incomplete markets, and monopolistic advantage. 相似文献
Measurement of gross α, gross β activities and cosmogenic beryllium-7 (7Be) concentrations were made both daily and weekly during the years 2001–2004 from samples of atmospheric aerosols filtered
from the air at Tehran Nuclear Research Center (35 41′ N) and Zahedan (28 29′ N). Weekly aerosol samples collected with the
high-volume air samplers on cellulose filters were used to determine the 7Be contents of samples, using a semiconductor gamma spectrometer. Airborne dust samples were collected daily on fiber glass
filters and used to determine the gross β and gross α activities with automatic beta analyzer and a ZnS(Ag) counter, respectively.
In this work, the concentration and meteorological data were used to determine models for gross α, gross β and 7Be. The air concentrations of gross β and gross α activities and 7Be concentrations displayed lognormal distributions during the study period. Both β and 7Be have maximum activity concentrations during warm mid-year months. 相似文献
The productivity of forest sites has been indirectly determined with solo wood production objective in forest management.
Forest site productivity should, however, be determined directly in order to implement ecosystem based multipurpose forest
management philosophy. This article tackles the problem in distinguishing and mapping forest sites using both direct method
and indirect method in Genya Mountain located in central of Artvin State Forest Enterprise. About 112 sample plots were designed
and distributed over the area. In each sample plot, soil samples were collected and the classical timber inventory measurements
were taken. According to direct method, Soil Moisture Regime (SMR) method is preferred due to a water deficiency in the study
area. Water holding capacity was used as an essential criterion for the classification of the forest site. Forest site classifications
were assigned regarding the physiographic factors such as landform, aspect, and slope. Five different forest sites classes;
dry, moderate fresh, fresh, humid and hygric were determined. According to direct method, the guiding curve was used to generate
anamorphic site index (SI) equations and three site index classes; good (SI=I–II), medium (SI=III) and low (SI=IV–V) were
determined. Some important differences between the methods were realized. The forest sites determined with site index estimation
method indicate that site index I and II is 505.99 ha, III 1095.79 ha and IV and V 992.95 ha, whereas forest sites determined
with direct method related to dry site of 937.58 ha, moderate fresh site of 931.90 ha, fresh site of 1,797.71 ha, humid site
of 80.48 ha and hygric site of 356.55 ha. The forest site maps of both methods were created using GIS functions. The forest
sites of open and degraded areas should be determined according to direct method. 相似文献
The vulnerability of low-lying coastal areas in Turkey to inundation was quantified based on the sea-level rise scenarios
of 1, 2, and 3 m by 2205. Through digital elevation model (DEM) acquired by the shuttle radar topography mission (SRTM), the
extent and distribution of the high to low-risk coastal plains were identified. The spatio-temporal analysis revealed the
inundated coastal areas of 545, 1,286, and 2,125 km2 at average rates of 5, 10, and 15 mm yr−1 for 200 years, respectively. This is equivalent to minimum and maximum land losses by 2205 of 0.1–0.3% of the total area
and of 1.3–5.2% of the coastal areas with elevations of less than 100 m in the country, respectively. This study provides
an initial assessment of vulnerability to sea-level rise to help decision-makers, and other concerned stakeholders to develop
appropriate public policies and land-use planning measures. 相似文献
This paper presents an application of water quality mapping through real-time satellite and ground data. The Lake Beysehir which is the largest freshwater lake and drinking water reservoir in Turkey was selected as the study area. Terra ASTER satellite image is used as remote sensing data source for water quality mapping in addition to simultaneously performed in-situ measurements. Ground data is collected simultaneously with the ASTER overpass on June 09, 2005 over the Lake Beysehir. The spatial distribution map is developed by using multiple regression (MR) technique for water quality parameter, which is chlorophyll-a (chl-a). The results indicate that simultaneous ground and satellite remote sensing data are highly correlated (R (2) > 0.86). In the image processing step, geometric correction, image filtering and development of water quality map procedures are performed with the ERDAS Imagine and ArcGIS 9.0 software. The trophic status of Lake Beysehir is considered to be oligotrophic with an average 1.55 microg/l chl-a concentration. 相似文献
Environmental conditions affect human life in various ways. One of the domains of environmental conditions is buildings, and amongst them, a major and important group is the historical buildings. To keep this inheritance alive, one needs to determine the effects of environmental conditions. In this work, effects of lichens and NOx on 7 historical buildings in Erzurum were investigated. Historical buildings are readily available for lichen growth, which takes a long time, and this growth was investigated as a sample of environmental effect that occurs through long periods of time. NOx, main source of which is traffic in Erzurum, were considered as the environmental effect of daily life. 相似文献
This review summarises current knowledge about production volumes, physico-chemical properties, analysis, environmental occurrence, fate and behaviour and human exposure to the "novel" brominated flame retardants (NBFRs). We define the term NBFRs as relating to BFRs which are new to the market or newly/recently observed in the environment. Restrictions and bans on the use of some polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) formulations, in many jurisdictions, have created a market for the use of NBFRs. To date, most data on NBFRs have arisen as additional information generated by research designed principally to study more "traditional" BFRs, such as PBDEs. This has led to a wide variety of analytical approaches for sample extraction, extract purification and instrumental analysis of NBFRs. An overview of environmental occurrence in abiotic matrices, aquatic biota, terrestrial biota and birds is presented. Evidence concerning the metabolism and absorption of different NBFRs is reviewed. Human exposure to NBFRs via different exposure pathways is discussed, and research gaps related to analysis, environmental sources, fate, and behaviour and human exposure are identified. 相似文献