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91.
Wolfgang Cramer Uta Fritsch Rik Leemans Sabine Lütkemeier Dagmar Schröter Allan Watt 《Regional Environmental Change》2008,8(3):125-134
Biodiversity is essential for multiple aspects of human life and well-being, but many current assessments of the functioning
of biodiversity and ecosystems, understanding of risks posed by environmental change and the best practice of their management
of ecosystems are lacking a unified scientific and conceptual basis. Methods such as scenario analysis, and terms such as
ecosystem services, are widely used, but their meaning is understood in many different ways depending on context, user needs
and experience of researchers. In order to advance the conceptual basis for ecosystem analysis and management in a rapidly
changing world, as well as the ability of young scientists to reflect upon these concepts, we have organised five 2-week-long
summer schools in Peyresq, a remote village in the Southern French Alps. In total 173 participants have worked intensively
with 69 experienced researchers and a team of conveners and tutors in order to discuss a broad range of views on topics on
ecosystem analysis and functioning. Topics ranged from conditions of and threats to various ecosystems due to environmental
change, models and scenarios for assessment, stakeholder perceptions and needs for information, to the social and economic
contexts for biodiversity. We report our experience from these schools, present the training concept which has emerged from
them and suggest lines of further development.
相似文献
Wolfgang CramerEmail: |
92.
OBJECTIVE: Understanding the hardcore drinking driver concept in the context of the alcohol-impaired driving problem. METHOD: Review of the relevant literature. RESULTS: As progress against alcohol-impaired driving slowed in the early 1990s, public and political attention turned to "hardcore" drinking drivers, and they have been a priority for the past 15 years. Though intuitive, the hardcore concept has been difficult to conceptualize. Its definition of hard-to-change chronic heavy drinking drivers focuses on a group that is not easily identifiable and ignores many who account for a large portion of alcohol-impaired driving crashes. These include drivers who drink heavily on occasion and drivers who drink at more moderate levels that elevate crash risk. Emphasis on the hardcore has focused attention on the small proportion of drinking drivers who have been detected and arrested, whereas the vast majority of drinking drivers go undetected. Some countermeasures aimed at the hardcore group have been effective in reducing recidivism, but attention and resources also need to be given to general deterrent initiatives (e.g., 0.08 g/dL, sobriety checkpoints, administrative license suspension). There has been no reduction in the overall alcohol-impaired driving problem since the mid-1990s. CONCLUSION: Reductions in the alcohol-impaired driving problem require that attention be focused on all relevant target groups. Some benefits could accrue by recognizing that countermeasures developed for hardcore drinking drivers, such as alcohol ignition interlocks and vehicle or plate impoundment, might also be effective with more numerous first-time offenders. However, such strategies are likely to be most effective against recidivism (specific deterrence). Greater gains could be achieved through general deterrent efforts (increasing the real and perceived risk of arrest and punishment to all drinking drivers), along with application of public health measures designed to reduce overall consumption. Additional ways need to be found to separate drinking and driving, either through cultural changes in drinking and/or driving behavior or, in the future, with the use of technology that can make vehicles inoperable by drivers with illegal blood alcohol concentrations. 相似文献
93.
Predictions of short and long term changes in Sepia officinalis metabolism are useful, since this species is both economically important for aquaculture and also is an ideal experimental
laboratory organism. In this study standard and routine oxygen consumption rates of newly hatched and juvenile laboratory
raised cuttlefish S. officinalis ranging between 0.04 and 18.48 g dry body mass (Dm), were measured over a range of temperatures (10, 15, 20 and 25°C). The
mass exponent (b) ranged between 0.706 and 0.992 for standard oxygen consumption and between 0.694 and 0.990 for routine oxygen consumption.
Oxygen consumption scaled allometrically (b = 0.7) with body mass for cuttlefish <2 g Dm and isometrically (b = 1) thereafter. No significant differences were apparent amongst the slopes of oxygen consumption and body mass at different
temperatures for standard and routine oxygen consumption. However, the intercepts differed significantly amongst the regression
lines, indicating a significant effect of temperature on the magnitude of oxygen consumption. The combined effect of temperature
(T) and dry body mass (Dm) are best described by the following equations: cuttlefish <2 g, MO2 = 0.116Dm0.7111.086
T
and >2 g, MO2 = 0.076Dm0.9831.091
T
for standard oxygen consumption; cuttlefish <2 g, MO2 = 0.538Dm0.7291.057
T
and >2 g, MO2 = 0.225Dm0.9621.081
T
for routine oxygen consumption. Using these equations it was estimated that a cuttlefish of 1 g Dm held at 20°C, eating 5%
Dm day−1 and undergoing standard and routine metabolism consumes 21.3 and 35.4%, respectively of its total daily energy intake. Juvenile
cuttlefish (3.32–5.08 g Dm) held at 15°C and deprived of food for 27 days maintained a stable standard oxygen consumption
rate for the first 6 days following starvation. By the 18th day without food, oxygen consumption rate had declined by 53%
and further declined to 65% below the standard oxygen consumption rate on the 27th day. Upon resumption of feeding, the respiration
rate returned immediately to the initial level prior to food deprivation. The present study defines the basic energy requirements
and general physiological state of young cuttlefish at temperatures of 10–25°C with and without food. 相似文献
94.
Robin C. Puett Andrew B. Lawson Allan B. Clark James R. Hebert Martin Kulldorff 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》2010,17(3):303-316
Many statistical tests have been developed to assess the significance of clusters of disease located around known sources
of environmental contaminants, also known as focused disease clusters. The majority of focused-cluster tests were designed
to detect a particular spatial pattern of clustering, one in which the disease cluster centers around the pollution source
and declines in a radial fashion with distance. However, other spatial patterns of environmentally related disease clusters
are likely given that the spatial dispersion patterns of environmental contaminants, and thus human exposure, depend on a
number of factors (i.e., meteorology and topography). For this study, data were simulated with five different spatial patterns
of disease clusters, reflecting potential pollutant dispersion scenarios: (1) a radial effect decreasing with increasing distance,
(2) a radial effect with a defined peak and decreasing with distance, (3) a simple angular effect, (4) an angular effect decreasing
with increasing distance and (5) an angular effect with a defined peak and decreasing with distance. The power to detect each
type of spatially distributed disease cluster was evaluated using Stone’s Maximum Likelihood Ratio Test, Tango’s Focused Test,
Bithell’s Linear Risk Score Test, and variations of the Lawson–Waller Score Test. Study findings underscore the importance
of considering environmental contaminant dispersion patterns, particularly directional effects, with respect to focused-cluster
test selection in cluster investigations. The effect of extra variation in risk also is considered, although its effect is
not substantial in terms of the power of tests. 相似文献
95.
Zia Ullah David Johnson Anton Micallef Allan T. Williams 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》2010,14(4):285-293
Originally developed within the Mediterranean, a tested coastal management and planning tool was applied outside the region to evaluate its international scope, with particular reference to a less developed country. Seven coastal sites in Pakistan were investigated for their scenic values through a 26 item checklist grouped as physical and human parameters analysed though weighted parameters and fuzzy logic matrices. With respect to a five-class evaluation system, results indicated: Jiwani, Miani Hor and Pasni-Astola Island as extremely attractive natural sites with very high landscape value (classified as Class 1 sites); Mubarak village as an attractive natural site with high landscape value (classified as a Class 2 site); Kaka pir village, Harjana village and Keti Bandar as having little outstanding landscape features or with urban environment and classified as Class 3 sites. Rural and/or urban environmental influences were observed to be critical factors which influenced major human parameters that ultimately affect sites’ scenic classification. However, notwithstanding natural attraction, unless political and social development barriers are tackled in conjunction with recognising areas that possess inherent tourism potential, economic potential is unlikely to be realised. 相似文献
96.
Jeremy S. Simmonds Andres Felipe Suarez-Castro April E. Reside James E. M. Watson James R. Allan Scott C. Atkinson Pasquale Borrelli Nigel Dudley Stephen Edwards Richard A. Fuller Edward T. Game Simon Linke Sean L. Maxwell Panos Panagos Philippe Puydarrieux Fabien Quétier Rebecca K. Runting Talitha Santini Laura J. Sonter Martine Maron 《Conservation biology》2023,37(3):e14040
Global efforts to deliver internationally agreed goals to reduce carbon emissions, halt biodiversity loss, and retain essential ecosystem services have been poorly integrated. These goals rely in part on preserving natural (e.g., native, largely unmodified) and seminatural (e.g., low intensity or sustainable human use) forests, woodlands, and grasslands. To show how to unify these goals, we empirically derived spatially explicit, quantitative, area-based targets for the retention of natural and seminatural (e.g., native) terrestrial vegetation worldwide. We used a 250-m-resolution map of natural and seminatural vegetation cover and, from this, selected areas identified under different international agreements as being important for achieving global biodiversity, carbon, soil, and water targets. At least 67 million km2 of Earth's terrestrial vegetation (∼79% of the area of vegetation remaining) required retention to contribute to biodiversity, climate, soil, and freshwater conservation objectives under 4 United Nations’ resolutions. This equates to retaining natural and seminatural vegetation across at least 50% of the total terrestrial (excluding Antarctica) surface of Earth. Retention efforts could contribute to multiple goals simultaneously, especially where natural and seminatural vegetation can be managed to achieve cobenefits for biodiversity, carbon storage, and ecosystem service provision. Such management can and should co-occur and be driven by people who live in and rely on places where natural and sustainably managed vegetation remains in situ and must be complemented by restoration and appropriate management of more human-modified environments if global goals are to be realized. 相似文献
97.
IntroductionArhaReservoirislocatedintheplateauregionofSouthwestChina.Thisreservoir,withavolumeof445millionm3,wasbuiltin1960andisth?.. 相似文献
98.
Lassen C Hansen E Jensen AA Olendrzyński K Kołsut W Zurek J Kargulewicz I Debski B Skośkiewicz J Holtzer M Grochowalski A Brante E Poltimae H Kallaste T Kapturauskas J;Danish Cooperation for Environment in Eastern Europe 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2003,10(1):49-56
The present paper summarises the results of the project: 'Survey of Anthropogenic Sources of Dioxins and Furans in the Baltic Region'. As a part of the project, inventories have been carried out in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland by applying the toolkit for quantification of dioxin and furan releases developed by UNEP Chemicals. The main route of direct releases to the environment is emission to air. Total emission to air from Poland was estimated at 490 (88-1,300) g I-TEQ/year, whereas the emissions from Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania were estimated as being 14 (2.4-54), 23 (2.6-63) and 17 (2.6-38) g I-TEQ, respectively. In general, the uncertainty on the estimates is very high, and recommendations regarding further development of the inventories have been made, and measures for reducing the releases have been provided. 相似文献
99.
Noah G Perlut Allan M Strong Therese M Donovan Neil J Buckley 《Ecological applications》2006,16(6):2235-2247
In recent decades, earlier and more frequent harvests of agricultural grasslands have been implicated as a major cause of population declines in grassland songbirds. From 2002 to 2005, in the Champlain Valley of Vermont and New York, USA, we studied the reproductive success of Savannah Sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis) and Bobolinks (Dolichonyx oryzivorus) on four grassland treatments: (1) early-hayed fields cut before 11 June and again in early- to mid-July; (2) middle-hayed fields cut once between 21 June and 10 July; (3) late-hayed fields cut after 1 August; and (4) rotationally grazed pastures. Both the number of fledglings per female per year and nest success (logistic-exposure method) varied among treatments and between species. Although birds initiated nests earlier on early-hayed fields compared to others, haying caused 99% of active Savannah Sparrow and 100% of active Bobolink nests to fail. Both the initial cutting date and time between cuttings influenced renesting behavior. After haying, Savannah Sparrows generally remained on early-hayed fields and immediately renested (clutch completion 15.6 +/- 1.28 days post-haying; all values are reported as mean +/- SE), while Bobolinks abandoned the fields for at least two weeks (mean clutch completion 33 +/- 0.82 days post-haying). While female Savannah Sparrows fledged more offspring per year (1.28 +/- 0.16) than female Bobolinks (0.05 +/- 0.05), reproductive success on early-hayed fields was low. The number of fledglings per female per year was greater on middle-hayed fields (Savannah Sparrows, 3.47 +/- 0.42; Bobolinks, 2.22 +/- 0.26), and late-hayed fields (Savannah Sparrows, 3.29 +/- 0.30; Bobolinks, 2.79 +/- 0.18). Reproductive success was moderate on rotationally grazed pastures, where female Savannah Sparrows and female Bobolinks produced 2.32 +/- 0.25 and 1.79 +/- 0.33 fledgling per year, respectively. We simultaneously conducted cutting surveys throughout the Champlain Valley and found that 3-8% of hayfield habitat was cut by 1-4 June, 25-40% by 12-16 June, and 32-60% by 28 June-2 July. Thus, the majority of grassland habitat was cut during the breeding season; however, late-hayed fields served as high-quality reserves for late-nesting female Bobolinks that were displaced from previously hayed fields. For fields first cut in May, a 65-day interval between cuts could provide enough time for both species to successfully fledge young. 相似文献
100.
Summary Parent wheatears (Oenanthe oenanthe L.), foraging to meet their own needs and to provide food for a central place (CP, i.e. the nest), have to make decisions with respect to the configuration of foraging itineraries during round trips in the territory and to the directionality of their movements. These problems were studied in two pairs breeding in an agricultural area in central Swecen. All birds started a round trip by hunting from perches close to the CP and then moving to perches progressively further away in a roughly straight line until the first prey item was loaded. Loaded prey were either delivered singly (single prey loading: SPL) or with other prey (multiple prey loading: MPL). When the bird decided to return with several items to the CP, it abruptly changed the direction of its movements by making a left, right or backward turn and started to visit perches progressively nearer the CP, again following a roughly straight line. The decision to return continue loading was affected by the size of the prey as shown by the fact that prey carried singly was significantly larger than the first item in an MPL for all individuals. The distance to the CP also seemed to affect this decision as prey provisioned singly on average were collected significantly closer to the nest than the first item in an MPL by one pair. Both the size of prey loaded singly and load size of MPL increased with distance from the CP in one pair. The concentrated use of the territory in the other pair made any effect of distance difficult to detect. Great flexibility in foraging decisions was observed in cases when an individual, because of the size of the last prey captured, altered its decision to deliver an MPL and transported an SPL to the nest instead. On the basis of these results we propose a set of rules followed by predators such as wheatears when making decisions about delivering prey to a CP (Fig. 4). 相似文献