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排序方式: 共有261条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
211.
James F. Begley Eric Hansen Amanda K. Wells Samuel Fogel Gail S. Begley 《补救:环境净化治理成本、技术与工艺杂志》2009,20(1):107-117
Direct aerobic biodegradation of vinyl chloride (VC) offers a remedial solution for persistent vinyl chloride plumes that are not amenable to the anaerobic process of reductive dechlorination because of either prevailing geochemical conditions or the absence of active Dehalococcoides ethenogenes. However, tools are needed to evaluate and optimize aerobic VC bioremediation. This article describes the development and testing of two techniques—a microbiological tool and a molecular tool—for this purpose. Both methods are based on detection of bacteria that can use vinyl chloride and ethene as growth substrates in the presence of oxygen. The microbiological tool is an activity assay that indicates whether bacteria capable of degrading ethene under aerobic conditions are present in a groundwater sample. This activity assay gave positive results in the area of active VC degradation of an aerobic VC bioremediation test site. A rapid semiquantitative genetic assay was also developed. This molecular tool, based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of a gene involved in the metabolism of both ethene and VC, revealed the presence of potential VC degraders in an enrichment culture and site groundwater. These tools could provide a basis for judging the potential of aerobic VC degradation by ethenotrophs at other sites in addition to offering a mechanism for treatment monitoring and system optimization. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
212.
Wheeler AJ Xu X Kulka R You H Wallace L Mallach G Van Ryswyk K MacNeill M Kearney J Rasmussen PE Dabek-Zlotorzynska E Wang D Poon R Williams R Stocco C Anastassopoulos A Miller JD Dales R Brook JR 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2011,61(3):324-338
The Windsor, Ontario Exposure Assessment Study evaluated the contribution of ambient air pollutants to personal and indoor exposures of adults and asthmatic children living in Windsor, Ontario, Canada. In addition, the role of personal, indoor, and outdoor air pollution exposures upon asthmatic children's respiratory health was assessed. Several active and passive sampling methods were applied, or adapted, for personal, indoor, and outdoor residential monitoring of nitrogen dioxide, volatile organic compounds, particulate matter (PM; PM-2.5 pm [PM2.5] and < or =10 microm [PM10] in aerodynamic diameter), elemental carbon, ultrafine particles, ozone, air exchange rates, allergens in settled dust, and particulate-associated metals. Participants completed five consecutive days of monitoring during the winter and summer of 2005 and 2006. During 2006, in addition to undertaking the air pollution measurements, asthmatic children completed respiratory health measurements (including peak flow meter tests and exhaled breath condensate) and tracked respiratory symptoms in a diary. Extensive quality assurance and quality control steps were implemented, including the collocation of instruments at the National Air Pollution Surveillance site operated by Environment Canada and at the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality site in Allen Park, Detroit, MI. During field sampling, duplicate and blank samples were also completed and these data are reported. In total, 50 adults and 51 asthmatic children were recruited to participate, resulting in 922 participant days of data. When comparing the methods used in the study with standard reference methods, field blanks were low and bias was acceptable, with most methods being within 20% of reference methods. Duplicates were typically within less than 10% of each other, indicating that study results can be used with confidence. This paper covers study design, recruitment, methodology, time activity diary, surveys, and quality assurance and control results for the different methods used. 相似文献
213.
Black A McLaren RG Reichman SM Speir TW Condron LM 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(6):1523-1535
214.
Previous work has shown that tetracycline undergoes direct photolysis in the presence of sunlight, with the decomposition rate highly dependent on conditions such as water hardness and pH. The purpose of this study was to examine the potential long-term significance of photoproducts formed when tetracycline undergoes photodegradation under a range of environmentally relevant conditions. Tetracycline was photolyzed in nine different natural and artificial water samples using simulated sunlight. The pH values of the samples ranged from 5 to 9. Total hardness values (combined Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations) varied from 30 to 450 ppm. Assays based on growth inhibition of two bacterial strains, Escherichia coli DH5α and Vibrio fischeri, were used to determine the antibacterial activity of tetracycline’s photoproducts in these water samples. In all tested conditions, it was determined that the photoproducts retain no significant antibacterial activity; all observed growth inhibition was attributable to residual tetracycline. This suggests that tetracycline photoproducts formed under a wide range of pH and water hardness conditions will not contribute to the selection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in environmental systems. 相似文献
215.
Hydrogen peroxide-assisted UV photodegradation of Lindane 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Aqueous solutions of gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (Lindane) were photolyzed (lambda=254 nm) under a variety of solution conditions. The initial concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and Lindane varied from 0 to 20 mM and 0.21 to 0.22 microM, respectively, the pH ranged from 3 to 11, and several concentration ratios of Suwannee River humic acid and fulvic acid were dissolved in the irradiated solutions. Lindane rapidly reacted, and the maximum reaction rate constant (9.7 x 10(-3) s(-1)) was observed at pH 7 and initial [H(2)O(2)]=1 mM. Thus, 90% of the Lindane is destroyed in approximately 4 min under these conditions. In addition, within 15 min, all chlorine atoms were converted to chloride ion, indicating that chlorinated organic by-products do not accumulate. The reactor was characterized by measuring the photon flux (7.04 x 10(-6) E s(-1)) and the cumulative production of *OH during irradiation. The cumulative *OH production during irradiation was fastest at an initial [H(2)O(2)]=5 mM (k=0.77 micro M s(-1)). 相似文献
216.
Amanda F. Bontempo Gabriella D. P. Carneiro Fernanda A. R. Guimarães Marcelo R. Dos Reis Daniel V. Silva Bruno H. Rocha 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2016,51(7):465-468
Carrot (Daucus carota L.) is a vegetable crop that is grown throughout the year across various regions of Brazil in rotation or in succession to other cultures. Herbicide residual effect has emerged as a concern, because of the possibility of carryover. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of tembotrione and atrazine residues – in mixture and isolated – on carrot planted in succession to corn. The experiment was designed in randomized blocks with five replications. Treatments consisted of tembotrione (50.4 g ha?1), tembotrione (100.8 g ha?1), tembotrione + atrazine (50.4 g ha?1+ 2 L ha?1), tembotrione + atrazine (100.8 g ha?1+ 2 L ha?1), and atrazine (2.00 L ha?1) applied eight months before carrot seeding, plus a control treatment with no herbicide application. Investigated variables were shoot dry mass, productivity, and classification of carrot roots. The presence of atrazine and tembotrione decreased dry mass in the area, and only tembotrione reduced total root productivity. Thus, there is a carryover effect to tembotrione application that reduces the dry matter accumulation of shoot and total productivity, and an atrazine + tembotrione (100.8 g ha?1) mixture reduces the total productivity after application of these herbicides to soil. 相似文献
217.
218.
The ability of polydimethlysiloxane coated solid phase microextraction (SPME) fibers to predict bioavailability has been documented for a number of species and compounds. There are also a variety of established methods for establishing SPME-based bioavailability estimates; however, factors such as time until equilibrium and exposure regimen could affect fiber concentrations and have not yet been thoroughly tested. Exposure time may influence SPME fiber concentrations at equilibrium. Co-exposure of the fibers with different animals or the invertebrate species used could yield different estimates than those acquired using a shaker table system to achieve equilibrium between the sediment and SPME fibers. The current study examined the effects of time and exposure method (shaker table versus co-exposure with test species) on SPME fiber concentrations for two hydrophobic compounds: permethrin and p,p′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE). An additional experiment with permethrin determined whether animal densities or fiber number influenced fiber concentrations. There were significant differences between the time required for SPME fibers to reach equilibrium when co-exposed with different species or separately, but fiber concentrations at equilibrium among treatments for both compounds were similar. Furthermore, among the 12 variations in species and fiber densities, there were no significant differences among treatments indicating that neither the route of exposure, animal density, nor fiber volume influenced SPME fiber estimates. This demonstrated that SPME fiber concentrations at equilibrium were not affected by exposure conditions, increasing their versatility in environmental assessments. 相似文献
219.
Richard Schuster Rachel Buxton Jeffrey O. Hanson Allison D. Binley Jeremy Pittman Vivitskaia Tulloch Frank A. La Sorte Patrick R. Roehrdanz Peter H. Verburg Amanda D. Rodewald Scott Wilson Hugh P. Possingham Joseph R. Bennett 《Conservation biology》2023,37(3):e14048
Protected areas are a key instrument for conservation. Despite this, they are vulnerable to risks associated with weak governance, land-use intensification, and climate change. We used a novel hierarchical optimization approach to identify priority areas for expanding the global protected area system that explicitly accounted for such risks while maximizing protection of all known terrestrial vertebrate species. To incorporate risk categories, we built on the minimum set problem, where the objective is to reach species distribution protection targets while accounting for 1 constraint, such as land cost or area. We expanded this approach to include multiple objectives accounting for risk in the problem formulation by treating each risk layer as a separate objective in the problem formulation. Reducing exposure to these risks required expanding the area of the global protected area system by 1.6% while still meeting conservation targets. Incorporating risks from weak governance drove the greatest changes in spatial priorities for protection, and incorporating risks from climate change required the largest increase (2.52%) in global protected area. Conserving wide-ranging species required countries with relatively strong governance to protect more land when they bordered nations with comparatively weak governance. Our results underscore the need for cross-jurisdictional coordination and demonstrate how risk can be efficiently incorporated into conservation planning. Planeación de las áreas protegidas para conservar la biodiversidad en un futuro incierto 相似文献
220.
A new water sample collection system was developed to improve representation of solids entrained in urban stormwater by integrating water-quality samples from the entire water column, rather than a single, fixed point. The depth-integrated sample arm (DISA) was better able to characterize suspended-sediment concentration and particle size distribution compared to fixed-point methods when tested in a controlled laboratory environment. Median suspended-sediment concentrations overestimated the actual concentration by 49 and 7% when sampling the water column at 3- and 4-points spaced vertically throughout the water column, respectively. Comparatively, sampling only at the bottom of the pipe, the fixed-point overestimated the actual concentration by 96%. The fixed-point sampler also showed a coarser particle size distribution compared to the DISA which was better able to reproduce the average distribution of particles in the water column over a range of hydraulic conditions. These results emphasize the need for a water sample collection system that integrates the entire water column, rather than a single, fixed point to properly characterize the concentration and distribution of particles entrained in stormwater pipe flow. 相似文献