Interactive effects of natural and human disturbances on vegetation dynamics across landscapes.

Accurate measures of human effects on landscape processes require consideration of both the direct impacts from human activities and the indirect consequences of the interactions between humans and the landscape. This is particularly evident in systems experiencing regular natural disturbances such as in the mountainous areas of southwestern China, where the remaining population of giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is supported. Here the spatiotemporal patterns of human impacts, forests, and bamboo episodic die-offs combine to determine the distribution of panda habitat. To study the complex interactions of humans and landscapes, we developed an integrated spatiotemporally explicit model of household activities, natural vegetation dynamics, and their impacts on panda habitat. Using this model we examined the direct consequences of local fuelwood collection and household creation on areas of critical giant panda habitat and the indirect impacts when coupled with vegetation dynamics. Through simulations, we found that over the next 30 years household impacts would result in the loss of up to 30% of the habitat relied on by pandas during past bamboo die-offs. The accumulation and spatial distribution of household impacts would also have a considerable indirect influence on the spatial distribution of understory bamboo. While human impacts influence both bamboo die-off and regeneration, over 19% of pre-existing low-elevation bamboo habitat may be lost following an episodic die-off depending on the severity of the impacts and timing of the die-offs. Our study showed not only the importance of the spatial distribution of direct household impacts on habitat, but also the far-reaching effects of the indirect interactions between humans and the landscapes they are modifying.     

乌鲁木齐市降尘的浓度水平和空间分布及与城市PM_(10)的相关性分析

以2005—2009年乌鲁木齐市城市大气降尘数据为依据,对乌鲁木齐市城市自然降尘的浓度水平和变化规律进行了研究,用Arc-GIS绘出乌鲁木齐市城市自然降尘的空间分布图,并分析和探讨了城市降尘与PM10相关性及防治对策。     

国内外空气污染指数的现状及发展趋势

针对中国目前使用的空气污染指数(Air Pollution Index,API)中存在的问题,通过比较国内外空气污染指数在基本概念、级别限值和等级划分等方面的区别,结合中国的实际情况,提出了增加监测指标、提高发布效率、优化统计模型等改进意见。     

质子化壳聚糖的除磷性能

壳聚糖是一类无毒无害的天然高分子絮凝剂,为了提高壳聚糖在污水处理中的除磷性能,采用硫酸溶液对壳聚糖进行质子化改性;考察了质子化度(硫酸溶液pH值)、吸附时间以及原水pH值对除磷效率的影响。研究结果表明,质子化度越大,总磷去除效率越高;在吸附时间为40～50 min的范围内,总磷去除率最大;原水pH值对质子化壳聚糖的总磷去除效率有明显影响,在质子化度较低时(硫酸溶液pH值≥3),随着原水pH值的增加,总磷去除率降低,在质子化度较高时(硫酸溶液pH值=2),在原水pH=6时,总磷去除率最大;质子化壳聚糖的吸附过程较好地遵循Lagergren准二级动力学模型和Langmuir吸附等温方程,吸附热力学参数ΔH<0,ΔG<0,ΔS<0,吸附过程表现为放热、自发的单分子层化学吸附过程。     

电解-水生植物-软隔离带复合技术治理重污染河流的中试研究

为了探索重污染河流的治理技术,2011年3月在无锡市新区鸿山镇徐塘桥河开展生态治理示范工程,通过电解技术、种植高等水生植物和构建软隔离带复合工程技术改善河流水质。实验结果表明,通过电解技术,可以迅速降低TP、氨氮（NH4＋-N）和COD;但较难减少TN。通过软隔离带可以有效隔离外源污染,在较短时间内改善河流TN、TP、COD的平均水平,但是难以提高河流的生态系统稳定性。电解能够有效的降解大分子有机物,为水生植物提供良好的生长环境,之后再种植水生植物,能够进一步降低的TN、TP。通过电解一水生植物一软隔离带复合技术不仅能够全面改善河流水质的平均水平,而且能够修复水生生态系统,提高生态系统稳定性。     

水位波动带氮素迁移转化规律

为考察水位波动对非饱和-饱和土层中氮素迁移转化的影响,设计土柱实验装置Ⅰ和Ⅱ分别模拟水位稳定与波动两种情景,测定一个水位波动周期内地下水中NO₃^--N、NO₂^--N和NH₄⁺-N浓度变化情况。结果表明,柱Ⅱ水位第1次下降柱内1^#,2^#,3^#,4^#采样点NO₃^--N浓度均增大,增幅分别为6.5%、14.9%、15.33%和19.8%。水位上升时结果相反,分别降低17.3%、26.15%、50.29%和44.61%。第2次水位下降至初始位置4个采样点NO₃^--N浓度再次增大,幅度分别为7.1%、10.6%、13.89%和7.76%。铵态氮呈相反趋势不同程度的变化。水位波动柱Ⅱ连通水槽内总氮量增加显著高于柱I水槽,即水位波动有利于波动带地下水中氮素垂向迁移,加重波动带以下地下水硝酸盐污染。因此,水位波动对氮素迁移转化的影响不容忽视。     

不同来源高浓度有机废水的集中处理

按照水质情况,将多种来源于不同工业生产过程中的高浓度有机废水划分为高悬浮固体乳化液废水、难生化高浓度有机废水、高悬浮固体不含油有机废水、含铬有机废水和杂质含量较少的乳化液废水5类,分别采用酸化破乳/Fen-ton氧化/混凝/絮凝、Fenton氧化/混凝/絮凝、混凝/絮凝、还原/混凝/絮凝、震动膜过滤技术作为生化预处理技术,并通过小试和中试验证了各技术的效果。实验结果表明,按照上述分类结果,采用不同预处理技术可以得到良好的效果,废水水质明显改善,满足继续生化处理的基本条件。各预处理生产装置处理效果稳定,同时生化系统已经稳定运行120天以上,COD去除率超过90%,出水经过低剂量的Fenton试剂处理后可达到《污水排入城镇下水道水质标准》(CJ343-2012)。     

Bioaccessibility of polychlorinated biphenyls in workplace dust and its implication for risk assessment

Human exposure to bioaccessible PCBs via indoor dust is limited around the world. In the present study, the workplace dust sample from commercial office, hospital, secondary school, shopping mall, electronic factory and manufacturing plant were collected from Hong Kong for PCBs analyses. Total PCBs concentrations ranged from 46.8 to 249 ng g⁻¹, with a median of 107 ng g⁻¹. Manufacturing plant showed the highest concentration among all of sampling sites. PCB 77 was found as the dominant congeners. The bioaccessibility of PCBs in small intestinal juice ranging from 8.3% to 26.0% was significantly higher than that in gastric condition, ranging from 4.8% to 12.4%. In addition, significant negative correlations (p < 0.05) were observed between K_OW and bioaccessibility for all workplace dust samples. Risk assessment indicated that the averaged daily dose of dioxin-like PCBs via non-dietary intake of workplace dust, considering the bioaccessibility of PCBs, were much lower than the TDI of dioxins (2.3 pg WHO-TEQ kg bw⁻¹ d⁻¹) established by Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives.     

Phosphate adsorption characteristics at the sediment–water interface and phosphorus fractions in Nansi Lake, China, and its main inflow rivers

Phosphorus fractions and phosphate adsorption characteristics of 16 sediments from a shallow freshwater lake (Nansi Lake, China) and its inflow estuaries were investigated. In the present study, the sediment phosphorus is fractionated into exchangeable P (exch-P), Al-P, Fe-P, Ca-P, organic P (OP), inorganic P (IP) and total P (TP). The results show that the total phosphorus (TP) content in the sediments ranges from 571.67 to 1,113.55 mg kg(-1), and calcium bound phosphorus (Ca-P) is the main fraction of IP. The biologically available phosphorus (BAP) ranges from 32.02 to 229.67 mg kg(-1) in the Nansi Lake sediments. Phosphate adsorption on the sediments mainly occurs within 10 h and is completed within 48 h. The content of native adsorbed phosphorus (omega(NAP)) varies greatly from 6.05 to 194.37 mg kg(-1), showing a significant correlation with the total maximal amount of phosphorus adsorbed (TQ(max)). Adsorption efficiency (m) ranges from 574.79 to 3,220.68 l kg(-1) and zero equilibrium phosphorus concentration (C(EPC)) ranges from 0.010 to 0.157 mg l(-1). After the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, the inherent phosphorus present in sediments will be a major threat to the diverted water quality and be a predominant factor determining the trophic status of the lake even if the external load is reduced.     

Triboelectrostatic separation for PP and ABS plastics in end of life passenger vehicles

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - The recovery and utilization of automotive plastics are global concerns because of the increasing number of end-of-life vehicles. Passenger...