Nutrient concentration variations during Oenanthe javanica growth and decay in the ecological floating bed system

The ecological floating bed system is a natural alternative to technical methods of wastewater treatment and involves complex processes induced by plants or microorganisms in the wastewater. This study aimed to identify nutrient concentration variations during Oenanthe javanica (Blume) DC growth and decay in the ecological floating bed system. Results showed that the third-order polynomial equation was suitable to describe pollutant concentration changes, showing that the effect of O. javanica ecological floating bed system on polluted water could be divided into the purification phase and decay phase. During the purification phase, nutrient concentrations rapidly decreased because O. javanica influenced water microbial communities and water physical parameters (i.e., dissolved oxygen, pH, and temperature), and had a direct uptake of nutrients. However, during the decay phase, nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in the plant tissues decreased, and these lost nutrients ultimately transferred to water and led to water quality deterioration. Results also showed that the uptake and storage of O. javanica in nutrients were temporary and the plant served only as media of the nutrients removed from the water. Under these circumstances, harvesting was an appropriate intervention to improve the treatment efficiency of O. javanica ecological floating bed system.     

广东省揭西金坑铜锡铅锌矿区矿床地质特征与远景预测

广东省揭西金坑矿区目前已初步查明的(333+334) 级矿石量为2245464.8吨,其中金属量Cu:17596.7吨、Sn:5945.3吨、Pb:31536.9吨、Zn:58095.2吨.矿区主要矿体为脉状,均受滑动破碎构造带控制,总体上可分为两种类型:一类分布于灰白色花岗闪长斑岩中,在空间分布上受滑动破碎构造带控制,矿体顶底板为片理化带,蚀变强,呈脉状、透镜状产于花岗闪长斑岩体内的片理化带所产生的滑动破碎带中.另一类则产于石英片岩、粉砂岩、炭质泥岩层间滑动破碎构造带中,主要由多个连续的或间断的扁豆状、透镜体状的矿脉组成.矿体赋存严格受岩层控制,矿脉与围岩界线清楚.本文旨在通过对矿体特征、成矿机理的深入分析,为矿区为进一步扩大资源量提供理论上的启示.     

Effect of organic carbon on nitrification e ciency and community composition of nitrifying biofilms

The effects of organic carbon/inorganic nitrogen (C/N) ratio on the nitrification processes and the community shifts of nitrifying biofilms were investigated by kinetic comparison and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis. The results showed that the nitrification rate decreased with an increasing organic concentration. However, the effect became weak when the carbon concentration reached sufficiently high level. Denitrification was detected after organic carbon was added. The 12 h ammonium removal rate ranged from 85% to 30% at C/N = 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 compare to control (C/N = 0). The loss of nitrogen at C/N = 0.5, 1, 2, 4, (8 and 16 was 31%, 18%, 24%, 65%, 59% and 62% respectively, after 24 h. Sequence analysis of 16S rRNA gene fragments revealed that the dominant populations changed from nitrifying bacteria (Nitrosomonas europaea and Nitrobacter sp.) to denitrifying bacteria (Pseudomonas sp., Acidovorax sp. and Comamonas sp.) with C/N ratio increase. Although at high C/N ratio the denitrifying bacteria were the dominant populations, nitrifying bacteria grew simultaneously. Conrrespondingly, nitrification process coexisted with denitrification.     

The factors affecting biochar application in restoring heavy metal-polluted soil and its potential applications

Heavy metal soil contamination is being given more and more attention due to increasing threats of heavy metals to soil quality, ecological function and human health. Biochar application is an effective way to remove toxic metals due to its high efficiency and low price. Electrostatic adsorption is the primary adsorption mechanism. The absorption ability and stability of biochar is the key to its adsorption performance. The extent of the restoration efficiency is dependent on many factors. The biomass, pyrolysis temperature and application rate affect the number of binding sites. The ageing process and soil properties significantly affect the biochar stability. For long-term purposes, biochar derived from woody residues and pyrolysed at high temperatures is the best available material. In addition, the application of alkaline and electronegative biochar to clay-rich, acidic and As- or Cr-contaminated soil should to be treated with caution.     

南方某铀矿山废水对生物的急性毒性研究

为探明铀矿山对周围环境的联合毒性机制,本研究以常用生物毒性测试菌种——发光细菌青海弧菌Q67和费氏弧菌以及禾花鲤为受试生物代表,实地采集的铀矿山废水为目标废水,研究铀矿山废水对发光细菌和禾花鲤的急性毒性。实验结果表明,矿山废水对3种生物的急性毒性存在显著的剂量-效应关系,毒性效应浓度EC_(50)(LC50)的大小顺序为禾花鲤幼鱼费氏弧菌青海弧菌Q67,Pb~(2+)/U~(6+)浓度分别为6.052/3.026 mg·L~(-1)、2.284/1.142 mg·L~(-1)、1.339/0.669 mg·L~(-1),均可有效指示矿山废水的毒性水平,其中发光细菌更为灵敏、快速;且青海弧菌Q67的EC_(50)值最小,灵敏度最高,可作为表征矿山废水毒性风险的首选指示物。研究结果能够为放射性矿区废水生态风险预警、安全处理处置、水质基准制定及流域水环境管理提供依据。     

Spatial distributions,source apportionment and ecological risk of SVOCs in water and sediment from Xijiang River,Pearl River Delta

Xijiang River is an important drinking water source in Guangxi Province, China. Along the Xijiang River and surrounding tributary, the pollution profile of three important groups of semi-volatile organic compounds, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and phthalate esters (PAEs), was analyzed. Relatively low levels of PAHs (64–3.7 × 10² ng L^?1) and OCPs (16–70 ng L^?1), but high levels of PAEs (7.9 × 10²–6.8 × 10³ ng L^?1) occurred in the water. Comparatively, low levels of OCPs (39–1.8 × 10² ng g^?1) and PAEs (21–81 ng g^?1), but high levels of PAHs (41–1.1 × 10³ ng g^?1) were found in sediment. Principal component analyses for source identification indicated petroleum-derived residues or coal and biomass combustion, and vehicular emission was the main sources for PAHs. The OCPs sources of each category were almost independent, whereas the new input of HCHs and p,p′-DDTs probably existed in some areas. PAEs were mainly originated from personal care products of urban sewage, plastic and other industrial sources. Ecological risk through the risk quotient analysis indicated a small or significant potential adverse effect on fish, daphnia and green algae. Nevertheless, the integrated risk of all pollutants should be taken into account in future study.     

某润滑油污染场地健康风险评估

总石油烃(total petroleum hydrocarbons, TPH)是烃总量的一个表征,包含各种烃类化合物,对人体具有极大的危害.通过对四川省某润滑油厂拆迁场地采样调查,分析了污染物分布特征,在明确未来规划用途的条件下,用分馏法以高碳石油烃毒性参数对污染地块的石油烃进行了风险评估.结果表明,场地主要污染物为石油烃C10～C40,主要污染区域为生产车间、室外原油堆放区、油桶堆放区、油罐堆放区和废水处理池.不同功能区石油烃C10～C40垂直分布特征不同,同一土壤层不同功能区域石油烃C10～C40污染程度也不同.对不同组成成分的石油烃C10～C40进行风险评估,其评价结果也不同.总的来说HI(脂肪族∶芳香族含量比为100∶0)＜HI(脂肪族∶芳香族含量比为79.4∶20.6)＜HI(脂肪族∶芳香族含量比为0∶100).当脂肪族∶芳香族含量比为100∶0和79.4∶20.6时,石油烃C10～C40总危害商＜1,石油烃C10～C40浓度在人体健康可接受的范围内,不需要进行土壤风险控制值计算;当脂肪族∶芳香族含量比为0∶100时,石油烃C10～C40总危害商＞1,存在非致癌风险;综合非致癌效应的土壤风险控制值为8 168.58 mg·kg-1 .     

不同分子量的有机物在净水工艺中的去除研究

了解单元工艺对不同性质有机物的去除能力对净水工艺的选择具有重要意义。采用膜过滤方法对不同分子量的有机物在净水工艺中的变化情况进行了测定。研究结果表明,传统的混凝沉淀工艺对分子量大于3000的有机物具有较好的去除效果;生物处理对有机物的最有效作用区间是分子量小于500的有机物;而活性炭对分子量在500～3000的有机物吸附能力较强。这一研究结果为净水工艺选择提供了重要依据。     

沿海地区海盐和大气污染物反应的致酸作用

着重研究全球沿海地区海盐和在气污染物ＳＯ２,ＮＯｘ反应的致酸作用,通过资料分析发现：海盐和大气污染物反应的致酸存在临界浓度,在氏气溶胶浓度的大气中,海盐和大气污染物反应致酸的ＳＯ２的临界浓度为０．００４３ｍｇ／ｍ＾３。海盐和大气污染物反应的致酸存在３种类型：火山排放ＳＯ２和海盐反应致酸,降水中过量氯与Ｈ＾＋浓度呈正相关,过量氮对Ｈ＾＋浓度最大贡献可达５０％;外来输送ＳＯ２、ＮＯｘ和海盐反应的致酸,     

冷冻固定化硝化菌去除废水中氨氮的研究

采用聚乙烯醇(PVA)循环冷冻法制备固定化硝化菌颗粒,经活化后在颗粒填充率为9％的三相流化床中进行氨氮废水处理试验。处理低浓度氨氮有机废水(NH3-N质量浓度为75mg／L．COD约为400mg／L,水力停留时间为4h)时,NH3-N去除率约为90％,COD、TIN的去除率可达82％和60％左右;处理高浓度氨氮废水(NH3-N质量浓度450～500mg／L,水力停留时间为20h)时,NH3-N去除率在98％以上,氨氧化产物中NO2^--N质量分数在95％以上,为亚硝酸盐反硝化提供了有利条件。用该法制成的硝化菌颗粒寿命在3个月以上。