大气中多环芳烃气/粒分配的不确定性分析

于2010年8月10～14日用双层石英膜和双层聚氨酯泡沫（PUF）的方法采集并分析了厦门大学海洋楼顶大气中气态和颗粒态多环芳烃（PAHs）,并采用标准误差传递方法对气/粒分配系数（K_p）的不确定度进行了分析.测量结果显示,低分子量PAHs如萘、 苊、 二氢苊和芴在PUF吸附体系中的穿透能力最强,穿透率接近50％;如考虑第一层石英滤膜对气态萘、 苊和二氢苊的吸附影响,则校正后的K_p值比校正前相应的K_p值低1个数量级以上.采用标准误差传递方法得到PAHs气/粒分配系数K_p的不确定度,介于28.14%～50.37%之间,且表现为易挥发和难挥发性PAHs的K_p值皆具有较高的不确定度,而半挥发性PAHs的K_p值的不确定度则较小.K_p值的不确定度来源分析显示,气态PAHs浓度的不确定度的影响最大（方差贡献均值=77.9％）,其次为颗粒态PAHs浓度的不确定度（方差贡献均值=22.0％）,大气颗粒物浓度的不确定度影响最小（方差贡献均值=0.1％）.因此,选择合适的采样系统以获取更加准确的气态PAHs的浓度,是提高PAHs气/粒分配系数准确度的关键.     

日本低碳物流业崛起之动因分析

日本低碳物流业在本国经济低迷中崛起,其动因在于政策扶持和法律制约并用、产业转型与技术支撑互动、竞争与监督相结合等举措的综合运用。其经验对我国低碳物流业的发展或有一定的参考价值。     

石化装置火灾扑救初探

结合石化企业火灾的特点,阐述了石化装置中塔釜容器类、加热炉、框架区、油罐、液化气储罐等典型火灾扑救的安全要点。     

贵阳市大型公共建筑节能评价指标体系的构建

在能源危机的时代,建筑节能成为世界各国关注的热点。目前,贵阳市大型公共建筑总消耗34 670.929吨标煤,大约是公共建筑能耗的58%,单位建筑面积能耗大约是普通居住建筑的10倍左右。本文在调查贵阳市大型公共建筑(大型商场、酒店、政府办公、高校)能耗的现状特点的基础上,分析存在的问题,识别大型公共建筑节能的潜力环节,最后构建一套贵阳市大型公共建筑节能评价指标体系,旨在为相关部门提供参考。     

Degradation of some typical pharmaceuticals and personal care products with copper-plating iron doped Cu2O under visible light irradiation

A mixture of five commonly used pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) was degraded using a new combined catalyst under visible light irradiation. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the combined catalyst was composed of copper-plating iron doped Cu₂O (FeCu/Cu₂O). Compared with the Fe/C inner micro-circuit, the electric currents flowing between Cu and Fe increase the speed of anodic Fe dissolution. Moreover, due to the photochemical properties, Cu₂O can accelerate the PPCPs degradation processes under the irradiation of visible light. In addition, shaking increased the dissolved oxygen concentration in the solution, which not only preconditioned the photo-catalysis reaction, but also set the stage for Fe reduction. According to the experimental results, we propose the possible reaction mechanism of the reaction.     

硝化菌群强化修复氨氮污染河流水体研究

利用已筛选的硝化菌群分别以游离菌和生物膜两种方式对成都市南干堰氨氮污染水体进行生物强化修复初步研究.结果表明,当进水氨氮浓度为23.91～24.27mg·L-1,在25℃、150r·min-1条件下,投加游离菌群36h后,氨氮去除率达95%,而在不添加游离菌的对照中,氨氮浓度没有下降.采用生物膜法,室温条件下,当进水氨氮浓度为8.00～18.38mg·L-1,水力停留时间(HRT)2～4h时,出水氨氮浓度为0～1.11mg·L-1,氨氧化负荷最高可达0.139kg·m-3·d-1(以N计,下同),氨氮去除率达90%以上;;当进水氨氮浓度为7.84～14.62mg·L-1,HRT为0·5～1.0h时,修复后出水氨氮浓度为1.90～7.47mg·L-1,氨氧化负荷最高可达0.261kg·m-3·d-1;;当进水氨氮浓度稀释到3mg·L-1左右,氨氮可完全被去除,修复后水体几乎没有亚硝酸盐残留.采用PCR-DGGE分析生物膜上的微生物菌群,发现生物膜中不仅有硝化菌群生长,还包括其它与氮转化相关微生物菌群.该实验结果表明,运用硝化菌群进行氨氮污染水体强化修复具有显著的效果,实际应用中可根据污染水体氨氮浓度以及氨氧化负...     

Effect of organic carbon on nitrification e ciency and community composition of nitrifying biofilms

The effects of organic carbon/inorganic nitrogen (C/N) ratio on the nitrification processes and the community shifts of nitrifying biofilms were investigated by kinetic comparison and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis. The results showed that the nitrification rate decreased with an increasing organic concentration. However, the effect became weak when the carbon concentration reached sufficiently high level. Denitrification was detected after organic carbon was added. The 12 h ammonium removal rate ranged from 85% to 30% at C/N = 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 compare to control (C/N = 0). The loss of nitrogen at C/N = 0.5, 1, 2, 4, (8 and 16 was 31%, 18%, 24%, 65%, 59% and 62% respectively, after 24 h. Sequence analysis of 16S rRNA gene fragments revealed that the dominant populations changed from nitrifying bacteria (Nitrosomonas europaea and Nitrobacter sp.) to denitrifying bacteria (Pseudomonas sp., Acidovorax sp. and Comamonas sp.) with C/N ratio increase. Although at high C/N ratio the denitrifying bacteria were the dominant populations, nitrifying bacteria grew simultaneously. Conrrespondingly, nitrification process coexisted with denitrification.     

重型柴油车实际道路油耗与排放模拟及其应用研究

基于实际行驶状态下重型车动力需求和传动系统变化规律,建立了重型柴油车整车的瞬态油耗和排放模拟方法,可实现整车发动机工况及油耗与排放的实时模拟.为验证模型的有效性,利用重型车车载排放测试手段,以柴油公交车为研究案例,模拟并验证了车辆在实际运营线路上的油耗与排放水平.公交车综合线路实测百公里油耗为16.38L,NOx、CO和THC排放因子分别为4.44、3.35、1.96g·km-1,模拟结果与实测值基本吻合,其油耗与排放因子与实测值之比均在1.06倍左右.模拟结果显示,实测公交车怠速、NOx控制区及其它区域工况点分别占32.6%、7.1%和60.4%,增加10t负载或提高1.5倍车速可使发动机负荷利用率上升,控制区比例上升至18.4%和18.8%,同时增加负载和提高车速,控制区工况可提高至33.9%.相应地,增加负载或提高车速情景分别使车辆油耗与排放上升至1.5～1.7倍和1.6～1.8倍,同时增加负载和提高车速,油耗与排放可增至2.5倍～3.0倍,控制区油耗与排放比例均有大幅度上升.总体上,该模型方法可以为评价和研究重型柴油车在实际道路上的能耗及其排放状况提供新的模拟方法和分析手段.     

Nutrient concentration variations during Oenanthe javanica growth and decay in the ecological floating bed system

The ecological floating bed system is a natural alternative to technical methods of wastewater treatment and involves complex processes induced by plants or microorganisms in the wastewater. This study aimed to identify nutrient concentration variations during Oenanthe javanica (Blume) DC growth and decay in the ecological floating bed system. Results showed that the third-order polynomial equation was suitable to describe pollutant concentration changes, showing that the effect of O. javanica ecological floating bed system on polluted water could be divided into the purification phase and decay phase. During the purification phase, nutrient concentrations rapidly decreased because O. javanica influenced water microbial communities and water physical parameters (i.e., dissolved oxygen, pH, and temperature), and had a direct uptake of nutrients. However, during the decay phase, nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in the plant tissues decreased, and these lost nutrients ultimately transferred to water and led to water quality deterioration. Results also showed that the uptake and storage of O. javanica in nutrients were temporary and the plant served only as media of the nutrients removed from the water. Under these circumstances, harvesting was an appropriate intervention to improve the treatment efficiency of O. javanica ecological floating bed system.     

鸡粪/木屑强制通风堆肥的研究

在鸡粪与木屑的体积配比为3:2的情况下,采用强制通风堆肥工艺考察了堆肥产品的物理化学特征和生物学特征的变化。研究结果表明,堆肥的第2天就达到高温阶段(≥55℃)并能保持5d以上,局部温度达71℃,大肠杆菌由最初时的2.8×1010CFU/g降到试验结束时的1.8×102CFU/g。堆体温度的变化引起了细菌、真菌和放线菌数量发生变化。堆肥过程中有机质、C/N比、含水率、NH4+-N明显下降,而NO3——N的含量成上升趋势。pH在第1周内升高8.45,随后逐渐降低到7.22。在第43天堆肥产品的水芹种子发芽指数达到了92.2%,堆肥产品已经达到腐熟。